LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

6fja>i @o$tag$t $«♦ 

Shelf J>i..t 
±m 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



H 



OOVOIHO 



in ooi vivo 

&0J 0N3S 



* '09 5 
cl91U9dc!99 
•g '099 



% 

1J> 



■osnoj^ 



^# 



$30/Ud 

* 'WW 



G) 



.sa'aoooi^Nawaagwm-i 



THE 



LUMBERMAN'S 



Hand Book 



OF 



INSPECTION AND GRADING, 



mew BDMon, 1894. 






by w; b. judson. 



CfflO^GO. 






Copyright A. D. 1879, by W. B. Judson. 



Copyright A. D. 1881, by W. B. Judson. 



Copyright A. D.,1889, by W. B. Judson. 



Copyright A. D„ i&5l, by W. B. Judson. 



Copyright A. D. 1894, by W. B. Judson. 



PRICE OF THIS BOOK, 
BY MAIL, $1.25. 



INDEX. 



Alabama Lieu Law 270 

Albany Inspection 18 

Arizona Lien Law 271 

Arkansas State Law 272 

Arkansas Y. P. Inspection.. 138 

Baltimore Cypress Ins 203 

Hard wood Ins...l 89 

" Poplar Ins 198 

" White Pine Ins . 205 

" Yellow Pine Ins. .204 

Bastard Sawing 264 

Boom Laws — 

California 275 

Dakotas : 277 

Florida 280 

Idaho 282 

Michigan 292 

Minnesota 298 

Boston Cypress Ins 112 

" Hardwood Ins 113 

N. C. Pine Ins Ill 

" Spruce Ins 106 

" White Pine Ins 102 

'.' Yellow Pine Ins 108 

Burlington, Vt., Ins 238 

Cairo Hardwood Ins 137 

California Redwood Ins 221 

California Lien Law 276 

Caliper Measurement 245 

Chicago Cargo Ins 20 

" Cypresslns 43 

" Hardwood Ins 33 

" Poplar Ins 38 



Chicago Shingle Ins 23 

" Tie Specifications ..223 

" Yard Grading 26 

" Yellow Pine Ins 44 

Christiana Standard 243 

Classification of Logs and 

Rules, Nashville 218 

Cincinnati Hardwood Ins. .210 

" Poplar Ins .208 

White Pine Ins.. .205 
" Yellow Pine Ins.207 

Colorado Lien Law 276 

Connecticut State Law 277 

Cumberland River Log 

Scale 246 

Custom House Caliper 

Measure 245 

Cypress Inspection — % 

Baltimore 203 

Boston 112 

Chicago 43 

Georgia S. M. Ass'n 147 

Mobile 152 

New Orleans 187 

New York 98 

So. Cypress Lumber & 

Shingle Association 314 

St. Louis 173 

Dakota Lien Law 278 

Delaware State Law 277 

Deals, New Orleans.. 185 

De-als, Quebec 126 

Deals, Standard Hundred 

Quebec ..128 



INDEX. 



Definitions, Legal 318 

Dimensions of Masts, etc. 

Quebec 131 

Dimensions of Merchanta- 
ble Timber, Quebec 130 

Dimensions of Staves, Quel 29 

Doyle's Log Rule 252 

Drammen Standard 243 

Dublin Measurement 244 

Export, N Y. White Pine ..316 

Edge Grain Sawing 262 

English Lumber Meas'm't .243 
Flooring Inspection — 

Baltimore 204 

New York 96 

So. Lumber Mfg Assn 138 

Florida Lien Law 280 

Form of Contract 317 

Georgia Inspection 239 

Georgia Lien Law 282 

Georgia Cypress Classifica- 
tion 147 

Georgia S. M. Assn Ins 147 

Glasgow Measurement 244 

Growth of Timber 260 

Idaho Lien Law 283 

Illinois State Law 283 

Indiana Lien Law 283 

Iowa State Law 284 

Inspection — 

Albany 18 

Arkansas (see Y P. Ins). ..138 

Baltimore 189 

Boston 100 

Burlington. Vt 238 

Cairo. Ill 137 

California Redwood 221 

Chicago 20 

Cincinnati 205 



English and Other Meas- 
urements 24 " 

Georgia 239 

Georgia S. M. Assn 143 

Louisville 212 

Lumber and Timber 

Measurements 242 

Maine 119 

Massachusetts State LawlOO 

Michigan Hardwood 225 

Michigan Shingle 17 

Mobile 152 

Nashville ...230 

New Orleans 175 

New York 76 

North Carolina Pine 137 

Northwestern Hardw'd...l55 
" White Pine.. 45 

Pacific Coast 132 

Pensacola 148 

Philadelphia 51 

Poplar Mfgs' Assn 216 

Quebec 122 

Saginaw 12 

St. Louis 164 

So. Cypress Lumber & 

Shingle Assn 314 

So. Lbr. Mfgs' Assn 138 

Toronto 69 

Williamsport, Pa 223 

Hardwood Inspection — 

Baltimore 189 

Boston 113 

Cairo 137 

Chicago 33 

Cincinnati 210 

Louisville 212 

Nashville 233 

Mew Orleans 178 

New York 76 

North Michigan Assn 225 



INDEX. 



5 



Northwestern Assn 155 

Philadelphia 58 

St. Louis 163 

Toronto 72 

Kansas Lien Law 285 

Kentucky State Law 285 

Liverpool String Measure- 
ment 245 

Log Classification at Nash- 
ville 248 

Log Ins. at New York 91 

Log Liens — 

Arizona 271 

Florida 280 

Maine 286 

Michigan 290 

Minnesota 299 

Nevada 305 

New Hampshire 305 

Oregon 305 

Pennsylvania 308 

Vermont 308 

Washington 309 

Wisconsin £10 

Wyoming 313 

Log Measurements 244 

Log Measurements Mobile 

Cypress 153 

Log Scales — 

Cumberland River 246 

Doyle's 252 

Lumbermen's Favorite. ...250 

Scribner's 254 

Log Scaling 247 

Log Scaling, Saginaw 16 

London Measurement 244 

Louisville Hardwood Ins. ..212 

Louisville Poplar Ins 214 

Lumber Inspection 9 

Lumber and Timber Meas- 
urements 242 



Lumbermen's Favorite Log 
Rule 250 

Main Lien Law 286 

Main Log Lien 286 

Main Inspection Law 119 

Massachusetts Inspection. .100 
Massachusetts State Law. .288 
Mechanic's Liens- 
Alabama 270 

Arizona 271 

California 276 

Colorado 276 

Dakotas 278 

Florida 280 

Georgia 282 

Idaho 283 

Indiana 283 

Kansas 285 

Maine 286 

Michigan 290 

Texas 308 

Michigan Log Lien 290 

Michigan Shingle Ins 17 

Minnesota Log Lien 299 

Mirimiche Measurement.. ..244 

Mississipi State Law 302 

Mobile Cypress Log Ins 153 

" Lumber Ins. .154 

" " Shingle Ins. ...152 

Montana State Law 303 

Nashville Hardwood Ins 233 

" Log Classification.. 248 

, " Poplar Ins 232 

" Yellow Pine Ins 236 

Nebraska State Law 303 

Nevada State Law 304 

New Hampshire Log Lien. .305 
New Orleans Cypress Ins. ..187 
" Hardw'd Ins. 178 
" Log and Tim- 
ber Ins 175 



INDEX. 



New Orleans Yellow Pine 

Inspection 184- 

New York Cypress Ins 98 

" " Export Ins 316 

" " Flooring Ins 96 

" " Hardwood Ins... 76 

" " Logins 91 

Poplar Ins 87 

" Yellow Pine Ins. 94 

North Carolina Pine Ins 137 

North Michigan Hardwood 

Assn. Ins 225 

Northwestern Hardw'd Ins.155 
Northwestern White Pine 
Inspection 45 

Oregon Log Lien 305 

Pac.fic Coast Car Material 

Inspection 136 

Pacific Coast Fir Ins 132 

" Redw'd Ins.. ..221 
" " Spruce Ins ....135 

Pensacola Inspection 148 

Pennsylvania Log Lien 308 

Petersburg Standard 243 

Philadelphia Hardw'd Ins.. 58 

Hemlock Ins 67 

N. C. Pine Ins 57 

Poplar Ins 63 

Spruce Ins 68 

White Pine Ins 51 

Poplar Inspection — 

Baltimore 198 

Cincinnati 208 

Chicago 38 

Louisville 214 

Poplar Mfgs. Assn 216 

Nashville 232 

New York 87 

Northwestern Hardw'd 
Assn 158 



Philadelphia 63 

St. Louis 166 

Quarter Sawing 262 

Quebec Culling 122 

Quebec Standard 243 

Rift-Sawing (see Quarter 

Sawing) 262 

Redwood Inspection 221 

Saginaw Inspection 12 

Saginaw Log Scaling 16 

Scribner's Log Rule 254 

Seasoning of Timber 259 

Shingle Inspection — 

Chicago Cargo 23 

Michigan 17 

Mobile Sawed Cypress. ...152 
So. Cypress Lumber & 

Shingle Assn 315 

Shingle Manufacture 255 

Shingle Packing 256 

Shingles, Weights of 258 

Shippers 316 

Shrinkage of Timber 259 

South American Shippers .316 
So. Cypress Lumber & Shin- 
gle Assn. Ins 314 

So. Lbr. Mfgs. Assn. Ins 138 

Spars, Quebec 131 

Square Timber Measures. ...244 

Standard Hundred 243 

Staves, Georgia 241 

Quebec 129 

West Indies 129 

State Laws — 

Alabama 270 

Arizona 271 

Arkansas 272 

California 275 

Colorado 276 

Connecticut 277 



INDEX. 



Delaware 277 

Dakotas ...277 

Florida 278 

Georgia 281 

Idaho 282 

Illinois , 283 

Indiana 283 

Iowa. 284 

Kansas... 285 

Kentucky 285 

Maine 286 

Maryland 288 

Massachusetts 288 

Michigan 290 

Minnesota 294 

Mississippi 302 

Montana 303 

Nebraska 303 

Nevada 304 

New Hampshire 305 

Oregon 30" 

Pennsylvania 308 

Texas 30^ 

Vermont v 308 

Washington ..309 

Wisconsin 310 

Wyoming 313 

String Measurement 245 

St. John Lumber Measure.. 2 14 

St. Louis Inspection 154 

'* Cypress Ins 173 

." Hardwood Ins 168 

" Poplar Ins 1G6 

" Yellow Pine Ins 173 

Taper of Merchantable Tim- 
ber, Quebec 13 ) 

Texas LienLaw 308 

Ties, Chicago Specificat'ns 233 

Ton, of Timber 244 

Toronto Hardwood Ins .... 72 
Toronto White Pine Ins 69 



Vermont Log Lien 308 

Washington Log Lien 309 

Weights, Pine Lumber per 

1,000 feet 33 

Weights Poplar 221 

Shingles 258 

" Yellow Pine, Ga. 

S. M. Assn 147 

Weights, Yellow Pine So. 

Lbr. Mfgs.' Assn 141 

West India Shippers 316 

West India Staves 129 

White Pine for Export 316 

White Pine Inspection — 

Albany 18 

Baltimore 205 

Boston 102 

Chicago 20 

Cincinnati 205 

New York Export 316 

Northwestern Assn 45 

Philadelphia 51 

Saginaw 12 

Williamsport, Pa 223 

Wisconsin Log Lien 310 

Williamsport Inspection ....223 
Wyoming Log Lien 313 

Yellow Pine Inspection- 
Arkansas 138 

Baltimore 204 

Boston io8 

Chicago 44 

Cincinnati 207 

Ga. S. M. Assn 143 

Nashville.. 236 

New York 94 

North Carolina 137 

Pensacola 148 

St. Louis 173 

So. Lbr. Mfgs.' Assn 138 



LUMBER INSPECTION. 



One of the most difficult tasks in the domain of lumber 
literature is the putting upon paper of a description of 
those various divisions or grades which are found to pre- 
vail in different localities. Surveying, as it is known in 
Maine and some other localities, Inspection, as it is 
termed in Albany and the West, consists of fixing a value 
to each individual piece of lumber. Inasmuch as no two 
are exactly alike, it is impossible to establish an arbitrary 
rule for the guidance of the Inspector, and, as a conse- 
quence, the individual judgment must determine the 
value of each, from a consideration of its general char- 
acter, and the uses to which it can be put in house build- 
ing or manufacture. 

As the judgment of men varies as much as each piece of 
lumber from its fellow, it becomes very difficult for one to 
see the value and character of a board exactly as it is 
seen by all others, and hence it is well nigh impossible to 
prescribe what shall constitute a board of any particu- 
lar grade. If it be perfect in all other respects, it may 
not be of equal value with another equally, but no more, 
perfect board, in that it is of a more glassy, brash and 
tough texture, less straight and free in grain, and wholly 
unfit for the finer uses to which its fellow may be well 
suited . All these and many other considerations enter 
into the proper and judicious assorting and valuing of 
lumber, and must be determined according to the judg- 
ment and experience of the Inspector. 

But, while no arbitrary rule can be established, it was 
determined early in the history of the trade that one 
could be applied to the general characteristics of lumber, 
which would guide both the buyer and seller in deter- 
mining the value of a given piece. While these general 
characteristics applied to the distributions between the 
manufacturer and the consumer in the infancy of the 
trade; while but a comparatively small quantity was 
produced, and consumption kept pace with production; 
when the demand increased and it was found necessary 



10 LUMBER INSPECTION. 



to build mills in the forest at a distance from the con- 
sumer, middlemen became necessary, and at various points 
in the country immense depots were established, to which 
the mill product could be shipped, and whence it could 
be distributed. But the still increasing population, mov- 
ing further and further from the points of supply, neces- 
sitated another set of distributers, and the first began 
to confine their trade to selling, at wholesale, to the latter 
as retailers. 

Now, the rules that had guided the mill man in selling 
to his customers required modification, and to prevent 
too great an advance in price the retailer was com- 
pelled to obtain his compensation through a division 
into grades, and this system of grading has advanced 
to its present status, which may be almost classed 
among the fine arts, yet marked by as great a variance 
as there are individual judgments to determine it. 

Albany, N. Y., after Bangor, Me., and Port Deposit, 
Md., early became the most important center of the lum- 
ber trade of the country, and promulgated a s}- stem of 
Inspection, or sorting into qualities, which soon super- 
seded the early rule of Surveying, which was simply 
straight measure, or the determining of the number of 
feet, regardless of qualit} 7 . In this connection it may 
properly be said that, in the early days of lumber manu- 
facture, it was the aim and custom of the producer to 
cut only the better class of trees, and it is within the 
memory of those now living, when the grades now 
known as Selects, Fine Common, or Picks, were the poor- 
est which found their way to market as Common, and 
that which now comprises the bulk of the lumber han- 
dled was considered as only fit to be sold at the mill, and 
such of it as by accident found its way to market was 
sold for what it would bring, often not realizing the cost 
of transportation. The growth of the trade, however, 
soon admonished the manufacturer that he must be 
more conservative with his timber, and the shipments 
and sale of Coarse Common, which included all between 
the present grade of Selects and Culls, was undertaken. 

The fast depleting forests and the increased consump- 
tion throughout the country, especially of the lower 
grades, soon demonstrated that consumers were utiliz- 



LUMBER INSPECTION. it 



ing the cheaper product for cutting-up lumber, and that 
doors, sash and other building material could be made 
equally well from this grade as from the higher priced 
qualities. Albany now began to select out the nicer 
Common below the Fine Common grade, and Pickings 
became a favorite in that district. 

If the wholesaler could make Pickings out of the Com- 
mon, the retailer, equally fertile in resources, could make 
other qualities, and so subdivisions, such as A and B Se- 
lects, B Box, B Stock, 8-inch Flooring, and a hundred 
other designations came in vogue. These are, one and 
all, but subdivisions of the old and well-known Albany 
grades, Clear, Fourths, Box, Common, and Culls, more 
particularly of the Common. The designations given 
are uniform, but, as before remarked, the selection varies 
widely, and an A Select in one yard may be bought as a 
Third Clear, or A Box, or even as a B Box, in another. 

Hardwood inspection has very generally followed 
the lines of the Boston market, in which a fair and prac- 
tical system has long been in vogue, backed by state 
legislative enactments and interpreted and enforced by a 
most efficient system of inspection. It is doing but jus- 
tice to the Boston method to say that the further other 
systems have departed from it the less respect have they 
commanded. 

Chicago was one of the first markets outside of New 
England to adopt a complete hardwood grading, and 
other later systems have been largely modeled on it. 

The wonderful increase in the number of lumber ex- 
changes, associations, etc., all over the country has cor- 
respondingly increased the number of inspections, until 
their very number and differences seem about to compel 
an attempt at greater uniformity. An example of this is 
the organization of the National Association of Hard- 
wood Lumber Manufacturers, which, as this book goes 
to press, is trying to perfect an inspection which will be 
acceptable to all manufacturers and all markets. 

This little book aims to present every existing rule of 
inspection, and every state law which bears on the sub- 
ject. Some of the rules are but little used, but all are 
significant, and it is hoped their compilation will meet 
the approval of the trade. 



12 SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION, 



SAGINAW WHITE PINE 
LUMBER INSPECTION. 



The accepted rules governing- inspection of lumber on 
the Saginaw river are reported to the publisher as fol 
lows: 

First Clear is not less than eight inches in width, and 
is free from imperfections, the term clear implying free- 
dom from defects. 

Second Clear not less than eight inches in width, at 
which it must be so nearly perfect as to fall but a trifle 
short of first clear. As the width increases a large range 
of defects may be allowed, so that at twelve inches wide 
apiece may have two knots of inch diameter, or two nar- 
row saps on one side ; at sixteen inches wide, especially 
if the piece is more than one inch thick, two knots may 
be allowed, or one knot and one sap not over one and 
one-half inches in width; at twenty inches in width the 
two knots may be larger, or the saps may widen to one 
and one-half inches. 

Third Clear is supposed to admit of three defects, 
but up to ten inches knots should not exceed three- 
quarters of an inch in diameter, or sap not exceed three- 
quarters of an inch on one side. With increasing width 
knots may increase to three in number, not exceeding in 
size one inch each, or sap equal to one and a half inches 
in width on two edges of one side. With narrower saps 
a small knot showing on the face side might be allowed, 
but as a rule the three upper grades demand one perfect 
face. As in all other markets, the Inspector is supposed 
to exercise a wide range of judgment in the inspection of 
the three uppers. A plank two inches thick and thirty 
inches wide will admit of a more lenient judgment as re- 
gards defects in size and number than a piece of half that 
size or of one inch thick. 

A piece of soft cork pine, of free grain and generally 



SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. 13 



handsome appearance, must not be judged with equal 
harshness with a piece of glassy texture, tough grain 
and unfavorable appearance. _ 

An experienced Inspector will in all cases judge of a 
piece of lumber from the standpoint of the location of its 
defects and the general utility of the piece. While not 
more than three defects should as a rule be included in 
the three upper grades, no one would deny that a wide 
plank with even five knots located near one side, or even 
some of these showing through to the face, but where, 
perhaps, four-fifths of the plank is "clear as a hound's 
tooth," is deserving of classification in this grade. In 
reality, the inspection of lumber in uppers consists in de- 
fining what constitutes third clear, as, in practice, first 
and second clear is ignored, and the number and charac- 
ter of the defects which may be passed in third clear de- 
termines the character of the three uppers. But in Sagi- 
naw and-some other markets the term "good" is used in 
designating the upper grades, and purchases are some- 
times made in "good," "selects," "fine common," com- 
mon and culls; yet, unless these terms art specified, the 
quality "good" in common use will include not only the 
three uppers, but as well the next grade below, or se- 
lects. 

Selects. — This term allows of four defects in a 
piece of lumber — four knots the size of from a dime to a 
quarter of a dollar, according to the size of the piece, or 
two saps on one side which, twelve inches wide, should 
not exceed three inches in the aggregate, or embrace 
more than one-quarter the sap side, the heart side being 
the face. With increasing width the proportion of sap 
may increase, or with narrow saps the face side may 
have some knots. The general description of this grade, 
however, is of a class of lumber which has defects of such 
a character as, while condemning it for the three uppers, 
yet mark it as suited for many or most uses to which the 
three uppers may be put, the fact that it is usually com- 
bined under the term good, with the three uppers, show- 
ing it to be more nearly allied to them than to the lower 
grades. The dividing grade between the three uppers 
and common was originally known as fourths, and the 
designations were good, fourths, common and culls. 



14 SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. 



When, however, it became incorporated with the three 
uppers, and was included in that designation (as it has 
practically become), the grade selects, which had hitherto 
classed with the common, was admitted to the code, and 
consisted of what had hitherto been looked upon as rais- 
ing the common to a higher standard of excellence. A 
board twelve inches long, with a perfect heart side, and 
the bright sap covering half or more of the sap side, 
would be a select. 

Fine Common, also sometimes known as select com- 
mon, or select box, or, where the designation is thor- 
oughly known, box, is a grade of lumber suitable for fin- 
ishing purposes, yet having too much sap on one side, or 
too many knots on the other, to admit its entry to the 
grade of selects. Fine common is usually taken from 
the lumber cut next to the outside of the log, sometimes 
known as sap boards, the general character of which is 
to give one face side, while the other is largely covered 
with sap, which, if properly piled so as to dry without 
mould, is adapted to a large proportion of the finer work 
where one side only is exposed to view. With this point 
in mind, the Inspector will allow knots in this grade 
proportioned to the size of the piece. If the sap is nar- 
row, the face may have one or two small knots, but, ex- 
cept in wide lumber, the rule is observed, "one side a 
face." Pieces below eight inches in width are seldom ac- 
cepted in this grade, and at that width the defect is in 
sap, which may embrace not more than one-third the 
sap side, and must not run on to the face side; or a board 
of that width may have a good sap side, nearly, if not 
wholly, clear of knots, and with one or two small knots 
on the heart side. In larger pieces a board or plank hav- 
ing too man}' defects lor the grade of selects, and yet ap- 
proaching almost to the requirements of that grade, is 
included in the fine common. A board sixteen inches 
wide, one inch thick, with five knots the size of one inch, 
and no other defect, would be classed as fine common. 
The same piece at one and one-half or two inches thick 
would probably, by most Inspectors, be classed as se- 
lects. Shaky lumber is not admitted in this or the upper 
grades. 

Strips, First Clear, are six inches wide and one inch 



SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. 15 



thick, and free from all imperfections, and are known as 
clapboard or siding strips. The term, siding strips should 
not be confounded with "sidings" lumber cut from the 
side of a log, in distinction from the stock, or lumber cut 
from the square log. 

Strips, Second Clear.— Six inches wide, one inch 
thick, and may have two small, sound knots, or, if no 
knots, then sap equal to one inch in width on one edge 
of one side. 

Strips, Third Clear.— Six inches wide, one inch thick, 
and may have three small, sound knots, and upon one 
side, in addition, sap equal to two inches in width. All 
strips in these three grades must be free from rot, split or 
shake. 

Norway Strips answering to the description of first 
and second clear, and ten feet or more in length, are in- 
cluded in this grade when sold as Norway. 

Strips, Flooring and Fencing include all strips 
not as good as third clear, yet free from rot and split. 
Flooring strips must be of full thickness and width, ex- 
cept where a narrower width is desired, when they may 
be of the uniform width of three, four or five inches. All 
knots in flooring strips must be of a sound character. 
Fencing strips include all coarse grade strips not good 
enough for flooring, and above the grade of culls, or 
strips not up to the standard thickness, and their in- 
spection is less rigid than the other grades. 

Common. — The term common includes all boards, 
plank, scantling, strips, joist, timber and lumber not 
otherwise defined, which does not come up to the stand- 
ard of select box, but is of a generally sound character, 
well manufactured, of full thickness, and free from large, 
loose knots or imperfections which involve or weaken 
the piece for substantial building purposes. Worm holes 
and small rot streaks, in extent not materially to dam- 
age the piece for the uses in which its size is usually em- 
ployed, belong to this quality. One straight split, not 
more than one-quarter the length of the board, may be 
allowed. Auger holes~(almost unknown in Saginaw) are 
to be excluded by measuring in even feet between the 
holes. No lumber under ten feet in length is considered 
as merchantable in this or the better grac .,,, 



16 SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. 



Shipping Culls. — Unsound knots, or knots which af- 
fect the strength of the piece, black or mouldy sap, un- 
sound hearts, bad splits, badly sawed lumber in wedges 
or tarves (uneven edges), where the piece is not available 
for coarse use, and all lumber not up to the grade of 
common, is included in this grade. 

Saginaw lumber is always manufactured in twelve, 
fourteen and sixteen feet lengths (with an exceptional 
log of other lengths) in all grades, except dimension 
stuff, where lengths are cut to suit the sizes demanded, 
but the sidings from such logs are usually cut off to the 
twelve, fourteen and sixteen foot standard. 

The thicknesses of the Saginaw lumber, as usually cut, 
are one inch, one and a quarter, one and a half and two 
inches, but with some three inch in coarse plank for road 
or paving purposes, or in extra nice stocks for thick up- 
pers or deals. All lumber is manufactured in parallel 
widths, and many mills employ cut-off tables for reduc- 
ing all lengths to uniformity. 

The coarser grades are almost uniformly cut one inch 
thick, the better grades almost invariably in the one and 
one-half and two inch thickness. 

LOG SCALING. 

The first thing a log scaler determines is the length oi 
the log, then its quality or grade, which must be deter- 
mined by the defects visible to the eye. These consist of 
crooks, knots, punks, hollows, etc. Looking at both 
ends of the log, he ascertains whether there is any hol- 
low, or ring rot, and if the butt is free from shake. Hav- 
ing settled these points, he lays his rule on the narrowest 
diameter of the small end of the log. If it is crooked, 
he takes his diameter (always inside the bark) from a 
point which allows the saw to pass through the log, 
fully removing the slab. If the butt is hollow, he adds 
three inches to the diameter of the hollow, multiplies the 
size by itself, and deducts from the gross measurement. 
If it is a shaky log, he allows for that in determining the 
quality. If it has not been properly square-butted, he 
makes a memorandum, so that the expense of butting 
can be charged to the seller, or logger, unless in the bar- 
gain he is instructed to deduct enough from the measure- 



MICHIGAN SHINGEE INSPECTION. 



ment to cover the cost. A log cannot be considered 
merchantable until it is fully prepared for market. If it 
is very knotty, he lowers its grade accordingly, if he is 
grading in qualit}?-. If the knots are large, black or rot- 
ten, he is to determine the class in which the log belongs 
by the damage caused by the defects. If the defect is ring 
rot, he should take no account of the log at all, as it is 
not worth the expense of handling in a majority oi 
cases. If a log is less than twenty-four feet long, it 
should be measured at the end. Oyer that length it is 
usually measured in the middle by calipers. In very long 
timber it is .sometimes customary to measure at lengths 
of twelve, fourteen or sixteen feet. This, however, is a 
matter of agreement between buyer and seller. Dead 
timber is always measured inside the decayed or black 
stained sap. In many hardwood sections the sap is 
always excluded from the diameter of the log. Bright 
sap in pine, hemlock, poplar, whitewood,basswood and 
spruce is always measured. Diameters are always to be 
taken inside of the bark the smallest way of the smallest 
end of the log. 



MICHIGAN SHINGLE IN- 
SPECTION. 



PINE AND CEDAR. 

The Michigan Shingle Manufacturers' and Wholesale 
Dealers' Association has no authorized system of grades, 
but the rules given below represent the thoroughly estab- 
lished custom among its members and govern inspection 
of all shingle manufacturers along the" eastern lines of 
railroad, the eastern part of the state and a part of the 
western shore. Two thicknesses of 18-inch shingles are 
made, the standard being 5 butts to 2V 4 inches, the other 
5 butts to 2 inches. Sixteen-inch shingles are made 5 
butts to 2 inches. 

i8-inch XXXX must be 18 inches long, strictly 



18 ALBANY WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 



clear, free from all imperfections, and 5 butts to 2V4, 
inches in thickness. 

The above rule also governs pine 18-inch thin butt 
shingles, 5 butts to 2 inches thick. 

18-inch No. 2, or C. B., must be strictly clear for a 
distance of 6 inches from butt, and balance of shingle 
may have defects, but must be of merchantable quality 
and 5 butts to 2*4 inches in thickness. 

16-inch XXXX must be 16 inches long, strictly 
clear and free from all imperfections, and 5 butts to 2 
inches in thickness. 

16-inch No. 2, or C. B., must be 16 inches long and 
5 inches clear from butt. Balance of shingle may have 
defects, but must be of merchantable quality and 5 butts 
to 2 inches in thickness. 

16-incll Star A Star must be strictly clear, with the 
8-inch clear butts packed together, 5 butts to 2 inches in 
thickness. 

The thick butts are frequently designated by the term 
"Standards." 

Culls, or No. 3, may have knots or other defects in 
any part of the shingle. 



ALBANY, N. Y., WHITE PINE 
INSPECTION. 



This was originally divided into five qualities, viz. : 
Clear, Fourths, Box or Selects, Common and Culls. 
Clear, or the three uppers, was subdivided into three 
grades, First, Second and Third. The rules given below 
accurately represented the customs of the Albany mar- 
ket in 1879, when they were prepared, and are given 
herewith because of their historic value, and because of 
the light they throw on the fundamental principles 
which still govern the market. The change in demand 
and in methods of handling in the various yards has SO 



ALBANY WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 19 



affected grading below Fourths, and so many different 
customs prevail, that no set of rules can harmonize the 
prevailing differences. 

First Grade. — A First Clear board shall be perfect in 
all respects, free from wane, knot, rot, shake or check, 
not less than twelve feet long and eight inches wide (in 
any case), unless a very wide and thick piece, when a 
minimum length of ten feet may be allowed. 

Second Grade. — Not less than twelve feet in length, 
unless very wide and thick, with not more than two de- 
fects, i. e., two sound knots which could be covered by a 
York shilling (dime), or sap equal to one inch on one 
side, or one knot and one sap ; not less than ten inches 
wide, well manufactured, and free from rot, shake or 
check. 

Third Grade.— Not less than twelve feet long, unless 
very wide and thick, and ten inches wide, free from rot, 
shake or check, when three defects might be allowed — 
either three knots which a York shilling would cover, or 
two saps an inch wide, with one small knot. If very 
wide, the defects might be allowed slightly to increase, 
but not so as to injure the general character of the piece. 
These three grades are included in one, and designated 
Clear or Good. 

Fourths. — Not less than twelve feet long and twelve 
inches wide, with not exceeding four defects at that 
width, viz. : If free from sap, four sound knots on the 
heart side not larger than a dime ; if free from knots, 
two saps which must not exceed two inches on each 
edge, and must be bright. At the minimum width, one 
face must be perfect. With increasing width, latitude 
may be allowed to the extent of the sap. 

Select Box.* — Not less than twelve feet in length and 
eight inches in width in any case. Must, if narrow, 
have one perfect face, and may have small knots, not 
exceeding live, in a width of fourteen inches or more. 
Sap may meet on one end, lor not more than one-fifth 
the length, or two saps may be allowed on sap side, but 
must have at least three inches of heart wood between; 



* In the early days of the trade, the grade Select was known 
as Box, while Sound Common was known as Merchantable, 



20 CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION. 



sap must be bright; must be free from rot, shake and 
e hecks. 

Box or Common. — All sound lumber free from knots, 
shaky hearts, rot, shake and worm holes which is below 
the grades before named, shall be classed as Box or 
Common. 

Pickings. — A grade of common which in its general 
character will dress one side clear, or has no great num- 
ber of small knots, but is suitable for finishing lumber. 
(A good fine common, but indifferent select.) 

Culls. — Will not hold water, shaky, rotten, coarse 
knots, black and mouldy sap. If very rotten, embracing 
more than one-eighth of the board, it becomes a scoot, 
refuse or mill cull. Market culls must be good enough 
to make hog pens, board fences or roof boards. 

Scoots, Refuse or Mill Culls.— Lumber that is not 
worth removing from the mill, and is fit only to be 
burned. 



CHICAGO CARGO INSPEC- 
TION. 



Rules for Measuring and Inspecting Pine lumber, 
Adopted and Revised by the lumberman's Exchange 
of Chicago, i878-'82-'86-'89-'90. 



SECTION I. 



First Clear White Pine I/Utnber shall be not less 
than twelve inches in width, and no imperfections al- 
lowed unless fourteen inches wide and upwards; will 
then allow imperfections equal to sap, one inch on one 
side, extending the whole length of the piece, on pieces 
fourteen inches wide and well manufactured, but the face 
side must be perfect; as width increases will allow larger 
imperfections in proportion to the width, but not im- 
perfections enough to decrease the value below the above 
described piece. 



CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION. 21 



SECTION II. 

Second Clear White Pine I/umber shall be not 
less than eleven inches wide, and perfect up to eleven 
inches in width; will then allow imperfections equal to 
sap, one inch on one side of the whole length of the piece, 
if well manufactured ; as width increases will allow other 
or larger imperfections in proportion to the width, but 
not imperfections enough to decrease the value below the 
above described piece. 

SECTION III. 

Third Clear White Pine dumber shall be not less 
than nine inches in width, and perfect up to ten inches ; 
m\\ then allow imperfections equal to sap, one inch on 
one side of the whole length of the piece, if well manu- 
factured. The imperfectious in this quality shall not ex- 
ceed one hundred per cent over those allowed in second 
clear. 

SECTION IV. 

Select White Pine I/timber shall tec-ude all lum- 
ber of poorer quality than third clear, the imperfections 
of which shall not exceed one hundred per cent overthose 
allowed in third clear. 

section v. 

Clear White Pine Flooring shall be one inch thick, 
six inches wide and no imperfections. 

SECTION VI. 

Second Clear White Pine Flooring- shall be in 
thickness and width same as clear flooring, and will 
allow of one small knot or sap, three-quarters (%) of an 
inch on one side, with clear face. 

SECTION VII 

Common White Pine Flooring shall be of the 
width and thickness of tirst and second clear flooring, 
and may have three small sound knots with sap one 
inch on one side, but if less than three knots then sap 
equal to two inches on one side, and shall be free from 
rots, splits and shakes. 

•Four-inch Flooring Strips equal in quality to 
first and second clear flooring, shall be classed as common 
six inch flooring. 



22 CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION. 



SECTION VIII. 

Common Pine I/timber includes all boards, plank, 
joists, scantling, timber, fencing and four-inch strips, 
that are of a generally sound character, well manufact- 
ured, and notincluded in the foregoing qualities. 

Boards and Plank should be square edged, full 
thickness, and have no large loose knots or bad shakes. 
In wide boards, twelve inches and over, will allow a 
straight split one-sixth (1-6) the length of the piece, 
when otherwise sound. 

Fencing" should be of good sound character — pieces 
that will not break easily, six inches wide and one inch 
thick. 

Scantling, Joists and Timber should not have 
imperfections that would weaken the piece so that it 
cannot be used for substantial building purposes, and 
uniform iii width and thickness. Timber should be meas- 
ured at the small end, and if much wane on the piece, 
reasonable allowance made for it. 

Norway Pine dumber shall be classed as common 
lumber, unless otherwise agreed upon. 

Cargoes of Piece Stuff or Timber containing over 
twenty-five per cent Norway shall not be considered 
standard, and all edge boards and inch lumber in cargoes 
of piece stuff shall be subject to special agreement. 

SECTION IX. 

All badly stained white pine lumber that is otherwise 
better than common, shall be inspected into a lower 
grade than when bright and free from stain. 

SECTION x. 
All lumber described in the foregoing- Rales of Inspec- 
tion shall not be less than one inch in thickness and not 
less than twelve feet long. 

SECTION XI. 

Culls. — A quality that cannot be received into an}- 
of the foregoing; consisting of even lengths of ten feet 
and upwards, and so imperfect as not fit for ordinary 
uses without waste. 

Mill Culls.— Refuse lumber. 



CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION, 23 



SECTION XII. 

All cargoes sold under straight measure shall consist 
of lumber twelve feet and over ; and where, by imperfec- 
tion of manufacture, such lumber is reduced in grades so 
as not to answer the purpose for which it was intended, 
it shall be measured at only one-half (Vk) the amount in 
the piece for which it was intended. And all pieces con- 
taining auger holes, if fourteen feet in length and over, 
and bored only at the ends, shall be measured in full, ex- 
cluding two feet in length of the piece; if bored in the 
center it shall be measured for only one-half (y 2 ) the 
amount in the piece. All lumber less than twelve feet, 
when no special contract has been made, shall be meas- 
ured in even lengths. Mill Culls excluded in all cases. 
All boards and strips to be at least one inch thick ; joists 
or scantling, two or three inches thick, 

SHINGLES. 

SECTION XIII. 

All pine and cedar shingles shall be not less than sixteen 
inches in length, and three-eighths inch thick at the butt, 
and shall be classed and known as follows: 

Clear. — The first grade is to be denominated Clear, 
and to consist of shingles not less than three inches in 
width; all to be absolutely perfect. 

Extra A.— The second grade is to be denominated 
Extra A, and this shall cci.sist of shingles not less than 
three inches wide, and with the butt clear for ten inches 
of the length. 

Standard A.— The third grade is to be denominated 
Standard A, and not to be less than eight inches clear 
from the butt, and not less than three inches wide. 

Shaded A.— The fourth grade is to be denominated 
Shaded A, the shingles to be clear for a distance of not 
less that five inches from the butt. 

No. I.— The fifth grade is to be denominated No. 1, 
and to include everything poorer than Shaded A, but to 
be made of sound timber, with no unsound knots in the 
butt. 

Culls. — Are a quality manufactured from winding, 
worm-eaten, shaky or dry rot timber, badly manufact- 
ured or less than sixteen inches in length. 



CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION. 



Packing and Count.— It is recommended that one- 
fourth (}4) M bunches to be packed in bands twenty 
inches in length, with twenty-five courses; one-half (V^) 
M bunches in twenty-five inch bands with forty courses. 
Shingles shall always be full count, and pay shall be col- 
lected only for the number of shingles actually delivered, 
regardless of the pretended number contained in each 
package or bundle ? or in other words, there shall be ex- 
acted in every instance for one thousand shingles the 
equiYslent of ore thousand pieces four inches wide. 

LATH. 

SECTION XIV. 

No. I. — Should be four feet (no more no less) in length, 
not less than three-eighths % of an inch thick, and one 
and one-half (IV2) inches wide, free from shakes, rot, 
wane or worm holes. 

No. 2. — Same length as No. 1, may be less than three- 
eighths (%) of an inch thick, and must be not less than 
one and one-quarter (1%) inches wide; will admit of 
wane and worm holes not to exceed ten pieces in a 
bundle of one hundred. 

Cull.— All that will not pass in the above-named 
qualities. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS AND 

MEASURERS. 

It is understood that where the term strips is used in 
the sale of cargoes, the said strips shall be six inches in 
width, unless otherwise specified. All tapering pieces of 
lumber to be measured one-third (V3) the distance from 
the narrow end, when twelve inches and over in width 
at the center, and when leso than twelve inches wide in 
center, to be measured at the narrow end; all lumber to 
be measured in even lengths (except culls), from twelve 
to thirty feet inclusive in length, and above that length 
timber shall be counted for what it will measure. 

Culls commence ten feet in length and then measure 
the same as other qualities. Manufacture should be 
taken into consideration in all qualifies, and if badly 
manufactured should reduce the grade. 

Pieces of lumber that have auger holes near the ends 



CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION. 



should be measured for length between the holes, if 
twelve feet and over, and what it so measures to be called 
in its proper quality; if auger holes in the center as well 
as at the ends, should go into culls and be measured full. 

Inspectors and Measurers are instructed that the rule 
herein given, as to width and thickness, is the standard 
width and thickness for merchantable lumber of each 
grade. But when some slight deviation, either in width 
or thickness, should occur by accidental manufacture; so 
long as it will not hinder the lumber from being used for 
the purpose for which it was intended, such lumber shall 
not be reduced in grade on account of such deviation — it 
being the purpose of the foregoing Rules of Inspection to 
grade lumber so that the grades sold on the Lumber 
Market and out of the yards shall be the same. 

Inspectors and Measurers inspecting or measuring any 
cargo of lumber shall have full charge of the unloading of 
the lumber — so far as determining how fast the lumber 
shall be delivered off the vessel. 

In no case shall mill-cu\\s be considered a quality for 
the purpose of increasing the inspection fees. 

Inspectors shall be required to draw six shingles from 
each end of each half-thousand bunch, and three shingles 
from each end of each quarter-thousand bunch, and to 
put their brand on each bunch. 

After the Chief Inspector or Measurer has received his 
instructions from both buyer and seller, given together, 
no attention shall be paid to any different instruction 
or suggestion from either party, given singly. 

When either Inspector or Measurer has been ordered 
on a cargo of lumber, and they should be delayed in doing 
the work, either from want of dock or any other cause 
that might have been avoided by either buyer or seller, 
then, and in that case the actual damages arising from 
such delay shall be added to the fees for measuring or in- 
specting such lumber. 

All Inspectors who inspect lumber by grades lender 
the foregoing rules in this market, shall mark the quality 
upon all lumber so inspected when required. 

Inspectors or Measurers shall call out in quantities of 
not over sixty feet (in ordinary cases) and be answered 
back by their tallyman distinctly. 



26 CHICAGO YARD GRADING OF 1'INK. 



No Journeyman Inspector or Measurer or any other 
person licensed by the Lumbermen's Exchange of Chi- 
cago, for the purpose of inspecting or measuring lumber, 
shall be directly or indirectly interested in the business of 
buying or selling lumber, either for himself or other par- 
ties, nor shall any one so licensed by this Exchange re- 
ceive other than customary compensation for inspecting 
or measuring such lumber; and no person shall, directly 
or indirectly, offer to such Journeyman Inspector or 
Measurer, or other persons licensed b3>- this Exchange, 
any sum of money or gratuity other than the fees estab- 
lished by custom of the Chicago Lumber Market. 

The Chief Inspector shall keep the original tally sheets, 
with date, name of vessel, names of buyer and seller, and 
the names of Inspectors or Measurers, and tallyman, at 
their offices for at least one year, and the said tally sheet 
shall at all times be accessible to any of the parties in- 
terested therein. 

Chief Inspectors or Measurers are required to include 
the entire cargo in their certificate, including lumber, lath, 
shingles, posts, etc. 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING 
OF PINE. 



Grading, as practiced in the wholesale and retail yards 
of Chicago, though systematic, in a general sense, and 
reduced almost to an art, is carried on without any 
rules formulated and declared by the authority of an 
association or committee. They have been evolved in 
the course of trade, beginning with a few simple grades 
in the early days of the business, when lumber was alto- 
gether brought to this market by the cargo, until now 
they number about thirty in general classification as to 
quality, with numerous subdivisions as to size, thick- 
ness and nomenclature. Since there are no written and 
authorized rules for grading, each dealer is a law unto 
himself in respect to his own grades, but all follow a 
system that has become practically established, with 
such variations as seem necessary in the changing con- 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING OF PINE. 



ditions of trade. Lumber is sold from this market to be 
shipped to every state in the Union. The demand diifers 
in separate sections and localities. The dealers here en- 
deavor to make their grading conform to a great variety 
of requirement. Hence there are shades of difference in 
grading, but all are based on the same general qualities, 
and effected by a system well understood in every yard. 
Chicago grading is as distinctive and pronounced in 
character as that of any market in the country. This re- 
sult has been secured by many years of experience, which 
has developed a school of inspectors and sorters, the 
members of which are nearly unerring in their judgment. 
Yet there will be some variation in the grades of different 
3'ards, which is often the result of intention for the pur- 
pose of catering to the special wants of customers, as 
has been intimated. 

Following are a series of observations that indicate 
with reasonable clearness the system of grading as it 
prevails in the yards of Chicago. They are the work of 
an experienced lumberman, who spent some time in a 
personal investigation of the subject: 

First Clear.— Shall be not less than twelve inches in 
width and twelve feet long (except that in some yards 
ten-foot pieces are admitted in the upper grades, the 
majority adhering to the twelve-foot standard), and 
with no imperfection 2 unless the piece is fourteen inches 
or over in width; will then allow imperfections equal to 
sap one inch on one side, extending the whole length of 
the piece, but the face must be perfect. As the wiclth in- 
creases, will allow larger imperfections in proportion to 
the width. 

Second Clear.— Shall be not less than ten inches 
wide, and must be perfect up to eleven indies. Above 
eleven inches, imperfections may be allowed equal to sap 
one inch on one side of the whole length of the piece, if 
well manufactured. With increasing width will allow other 
and larger imperfections in proportion to the width, but 
not imperfections enough to decrease its value beyond 
the standard of a twelve-inch piece of above description. 

Third Clear.— Shall be not less than twelve inches in 
width (except as below), and perfect up to ten inches; 
will then allow imperfections equal to sap one inch on 



23 CHICAGO YARD GRADING OF PINK. 

one side of the whole length of the piece, if well manu- 
factured. This grade, however, is subject to modification 
in that while it is mainly the equivalent of Albany Thirds 
and Selects, it may generally be found to combine the 
grades of A Box, A Stock and eight-inch A, varying from 
standard inspection by allowing a minimum width of 
nine inches and a length of twelve feet. In yard grading, 
knots as big as a half dollar may be allowed in a fair- 
sized piece, as to general location and effect upon the 
use ofjihe board. Smaller knots, as high as five in num- 
ber, or bright sap on each edge of one side, two inches 
in width. In narrow boards, one face must be nearly 
perfect, except eight-inch A, wherethe general rule applies, 
modified by the width. A stocks usually refers to twelve 
inch, but may apply to ten-inch stocks when so specified. 

B Box and A Stocks.— Usually range in price with 
Third Clear. Eight-inch A, although of the same general 
quality, ranges from $3 to $5 lower in price. Ten-inch 
stocks in all grades usuallv range $2 below twelve inch. 

A Select, B Stock, Eight Inch A and B— These 
are all of about one grade, and are taken from Third 
Clear and Selects, which may be called " line boards," 
between the two grades. 

A Select. — Is properlv a grade below, although some 
claim to make it equal to Third Clear. In this grade, 
some yards will allow shake, where the use and general 
value of the piece is not seriousry impaired thereby. As a 
rule, however, no shake is admitted. Knots may be al- 
lowed according to size of board and location of knots, 
but seldom both knots and shake. Widths may run 
from eight inch upward. Sap ma} r be allowed equal to 
two inches on one side of a nine-inch piece, increasing 
with the width. The term "Box" is applied to all grades, 
where the width makes the lumber suitable for cornice 
and shelving, or wagon-box boards, from which latter 
the Chicago use of the term is derived. Sample boards 
may be described as follows: A board twelve feet long, 
twelve inches wide, had one knot the size of a dime, one 
cat-face knot, two saps on one side, of which one is nar- 
row, running the whole length, the other three inches at 
one end, tapering out at four feet. Some call this a fair, 
others a good, A Select. 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING OF PINE. 29 



B Box. — Is 13 inches -wide and over. A board 17 
inches wide, 16 feet long, with five or six medium knots ; 
another 16 inches wide, two saps of two inches each on 
one side, and 10 small knots on the other, were seen in 
a pile of B Box, but were criticised by other graders. 

B Stock. — Is usually 12 inch, but may include 10-inch 
stocks. Eight-inch B is of parallel width (7^2 to 9) up 
to grade, in proportion to width. 

B Select. — In general character is a sap board ; if 
narrow, one side may be half covered with sap, iiq knots 
on the face. Such a board may be from 7 to 10 inches. 
At 10 to 14 inches, some knots and less sap. This class 
makes good " one side " lumber for finishing boards, and 
in general, knots maybe allowed of a character not to 
injure the board for finishing purposes or for cutting up. 
A sample board 7 inches wide had bright sap nearly 
covering one side, the other a face. Another of 13 inches 
had but four inches of meat on the sap side; the sap came 
through to the face, and there were two small knots on 
the face. Another of 9 inches had sap covering one end 
for five feet ; sap ran slightly on to the face of the board. 
B Selects on wider pieces may combine some considerable 
shake at the ends, if the center is good, or on center if the 
ends are good. 

The sap in this grade should be judged in the matter 
of color by its surroundings. While a black sap is 
scarcely allowable, a simple discoloration will not con- 
demn the piece if all other requisites are present. A piece 
of fair width with one clean face to work would admit 
of a blacker sap on the outside of cut. In this grade also 
may be admitted a class of soft wide lumber, with 
large or even loose knots, where the cuts between the 
knots may give a large proportion of finishing lumber. 
Such lumber is often found where the rules of regular and 
strict inspection would condemn a piece to the grade of 
cull, yet where the piece is of especial value for cutting 
up. This grade is substantially the same as the Fine 
Common of the Saginaw Valley. 

Common. — All good sound lumber, 10 feet long and 
upwards, however knotty, if the knots are tight and 
sound and not coarse enough to weaken the board, are 
included in this grade. Also sap boards, when the sap 



3() CHICAGO YARD GRADING OF PINE. 



■s fairly bright. Boards free from rot and shake, which 
involve their usefulness, are common boards. Lumber 
which will make a water-tight roof is in all markets in- 
cluded in this grade. Splits or checks, if straight and not 
:>f an extent or nature to materially injure the board, 
are generally allowable. Bad splits and checks, espe- 
cially when not straight, will always condemn a board 
of any grade to a lower one, according to the effect upon 
its usefulness. The same is true of waney edges. The 
lumber must be of full standard thickness and well man- 
ufactured. Worm-holes may be permitted in this grade 
in number and character proportioned to the size of the 
piece, but as a rule wormy lumber should be excluded as 
Culls. Custom has allowed common plank, measuring 
1% inch thick, to be measures as if full 2 inch. A few 
worm-holes are not objectionable in dimension stuff, un- 
less enough in number to weaken the piece, or of a gen- 
erally unsightly character. 

C Box is a grade of 13 inches wide and over, with 
small, sound knots. 

D Box is simply good, wide Common. 

Neither of these last two pretend to any grading above 
Common, except that their widths adapt them to special 
uses. 

Stock Boards. — A class of lumber sawed of a uni- 
form width of 10, 12 and 1-1 inches. It is graded the 
same as other lumber, but its uniformity marks it as of 
superior utility for ripping into flooring, siding, etc., or 
for manufacturers requiring large quantities of certain 
widths for special work. The lower grades are mainly 
used as barn boards or for coarse sheathing, and other 
similar purposes. 

Other Varieties. — Norway mixed with other lumber 
uriiformly classes as Common, but when in lots by itselt 
may be graded in a manner similar to white pine, the 
designation "Norway" indicating its distinctness from 
white pine. 

Flooring, siding and ceiling are graded according to 
the general rules applying to wider lumber, modified to 
suit the decreased width, but are measured as the piece 
was in the rough. 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING OF PINE, 31 



First and Second Clear Strips and Siding.— No. 

1 is perfect in thickness, width and quality. No. 2 will 
allow of a narrow, bright sap on one side, or one or two 
small, sound knots. The two are usually combined. 

A,' or First Common.— If free from sap may have 
two or three small, sound knots, or bright sap V2 or % 
inch. 

B, or Second Common, may have three or four medi- 
um size, sound knots, or bright sap of 1 to 1*4 inches. 

C, or Third Common, may have two to six medium 
knots, or 2 to 3 inches of sap, or both sap and knots to 
equal these. * 

Flooring, A or First, should have one face nearly 
clear, with but one or two small, sound knots ; the other 
may have more knots or sap. 

B, or Second, may have two to four sound, medium 
knots, and bright sap equal to 1 or 1*4 inches. 

C, or Third, will allow of three to six small, sound 
knots, or IV2 to 2 inches bright sap. 

Fencing- Flooring is good, common flooring from 
selected fencing, and may have a large number of small, 
sound knots, but the general character of the piece is 
such as to make a good floor, practically free from shake 
and loose knots. 

Fencing, No. 1 or Common.— Sound knots, not to 
weaken the piece; may have considerable sap. No. 2: 
Black sap, coarse knots, shaky or otherwise defective, yet 
not so as to prevent its use as coarse fencing. Pour-inch 
lumber of any grade should have one-third less imperfec- 
tions than is allowed on 6-inch widths. Norway of the 
same general quality is scrutinized much more closely 
than white pine. 

Deck Plank is lumber suitable for deckingfor vessels, 
and is usually 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches wide and 3 to -i inches 
thick, and the greater the length the more valuable is it 
considered. No lot averaging under 25 to 30 feet in 
length is properly classed as decking. This should be al- 
most wholly free fro u sap, must be free from shake, but 
may have any reasonable number of small, sound, red 
knots. It is sometimes used 2V2 inches in thickness. 

Culls. — Unsound lumber, loose knots, bad, black 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING OF PINE. 



knots, or large, coarse knots, loose or shaky hearts, un- 
edged or waney and badly shaky lumber, bla.ck sap stain, 
especially if mouldy ; all wormy lumber, rotten streaks, 
or ends badly manufactured as to thickness, wedge 
boards or tarved lumber (thick on one edge and thin on 
the other), or boards which won't hold water. All the 
above properly belong in Culls, and when unfit to be 
used as roofing to nail shingles on, or is generally un- 
sightly in appearance, it is known as "Scoots," Refuse, 
or Mill Calls, and has no quotable value. 

lengths. — In some yards 10 feet is the standard of 
length, and all lumber is measured in even figures of 10, 
12, 14.; 1 S and 18 feet. Odd lengths are unknown, unless 
in special orders and in lumber of over 20 feet. Until 
within the last two years 12 feet was the minimum of 
length in a merchantable piece of lumber, and most yards 
yet adhere to this rule. All lumber of less than 10 feet is 
unsalable, except when in quantities, as it is often found 
in irregular lengths at gang saw mills, when it is known 
as "clips." This is sometimes sorted as to quality, but 
has no classification. It is usually sold as a bulk, either 
by the pile or by straight measure, and is often of a de- 
sirable character for builders. 

Widths and Thickness.— The wider a board is the 
more latitude is allowed for defects. This remark applies 
generally to lengths, widths and thickness, although, as 
a rule, unless a board holds plump to an intended thick- 
ness, it is measured to the next standard below. In di- 
mension or bill stuff, such as joist, scantling or timber, a 
variance in thickness is almost universahV allowed by 
dealers and consumers, although strict rules of inspec- 
tion demand full sizes in all respects. 

In wholesale markets a board measuring Vfc inch or 
more over a certain width is measured at the next lower 
number. In retailing, however, the half inch is properly 
counted, while in some markets the "give and take" 
principle is observed ; that is. if a full half inch or over, 
it is called at the next higher figure ; if not full half inch, 
it is called back to the last full figure. 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 33 



The following table shows the average weights obtained 
in the actual shipment from Chicago of 20,000,000 feet 
of pine lumber during an entire season : 

p Pounds. 

1, 1% and iy 2 -inch, surfaced one side.. 2,102 

The same, surfaced two sides o'nnn 

2-inch, surfaced one side...... •••■■'• 7'onn 

White pine flooring, dressed and matched 1*122 

Hard pine flooring ?'«?? 

Ship lap, 8-inch 1.711 

Ship lap, 10-mch }'H^ 

Ship lap, 12-inch • '525 

White pine, 3/ 8 -inch ceiling 78b 

Hard pine, %-inch ceiling »00 

Siding 800 

Piece stuff, rough . • • o'o?^ 

Piece stuff, surfaced one side and one edge..... 2,^10 

Thin clear, surfaced one side '?o2 

% ceiling 1.120 

Rough boards « ain 

Hard pine fencing .- ■■■■■■■ r^iq 

4-inch flooring, dressed and matched i'Too 

6-inch fencing • o?e 

Pine shingles £*° 

Cedar shingles *)>% 

Dry lath • 502 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD IN- 
SPECTION. 



Revised Rules for Wholesale Inspection by Car or Cargo, 
as Officially Adopted by the Lumbermen's Associa- 
tion of Chicago, November i, 1894. 



RULES GOVERNING INSPECTORS. 

Rule 1. — Inspectors must be governed in their inspec- 
tion and measurement of lumber by the official printed 
rules as adopted and revised from time to time by this 
association. 

Rule 2 — Inspectors shall receive all orders for inspect- 
ing lumber from the secretary of the association, either 



34 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION, 



by telephone, telegram or otherwise, and during busi- 
ness hours must keep him fully advised as to their 
whereabouts. 

Rule 3. — No inspector shall be allowed to inspect or 
measure lumber outside of the corporate limits of the 
city of Chicago without written permission of the 
secretary. 

Rule 4- — Inspectors shall not inspect or measure lum- 
ber for any person, firm or corporation not members of 
this association without written permission of the sec- 
retary. 

Rule 5. — Inspectors shall receive pay for their services 
by the person, firm or corporation buying the lumber 
which they have been assigned to inspect. 

Rule 6 — Inspectors shall not be allowed to buy or 
sell lumber or engage in any business appertaining to 
the lumber trade. 

Rule 7. — Inspectors must obtain and use blank certifi- 
cates and tally sheets which have been approved by the 
association for their use. The secretary will supply 
these free upon application, and no other certificate or 
tally sheet will be recognized as valid. 

Rulb> 8. — Inspectors shall make out and sign two or 
three certificates, if requested, for each lot of lumber 
inspected and measured and deliver them, together 
with the tally sheets for same, to the secretary of the 
association. Returns to be made each evening of work 
finished, either car or cargo lots. The secretary will 
officially stamp the certificates and return them to the 
inspector or to the buyer of the lumber. The tally sheet 
shall be numbered to correspond with the numbers on 
the certificates and kept on file in the office of the associ- 
ation. No certificates will be accepted or recognized as 
valid without the impression of the official seal of the 
association stamped thereon. 

Rule 9. — Inspectors shall not be allowed to continue 
work for any one person, firm or corporation for a 
longer consecutive petiod of time than one day, or the 
length of time it takes to finish inspecting one distinct 
lot of lumber, unless permission is granted him to do so 
by the secretary of the association 

Rule 10. — When complaints are made relating to the 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 35 



correctness of inspection and measurement of lumber 
and a re-inspection is called for, it will be ordered by the 
secretary if thought advisable. 

Rule 11. — Inspectors must keep a piece tally of all 
lumber inspected and measured by them. 

Rule 12 — When lumber is ior any particular reason 
badly damaged, or is by nature of unusually inferior 
quality, the inspector shall make a memorandum on the 
back of his tally sheet setting forth the nature of the 
defects. And when lumber is inspected and measured 
according to any other than standard inspection, he 
shall note the fact likewise and make a memorandum of 
the rules governing in such case. 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 

Inspectors of lumber must measure and inspect lumber 
as they find it, of full length and width (except as to 
wane, which must be measured out or inspected in a 
lower grade), making no allowance for the purpose of 
raising grade. 

Inspectors must use their best judgment, based upon 
these rules for their guidance. 

The Standard Knot shall not exceed 1*4 inches in 
diameter, and must be of sound character. 

Splits are always more or less damage to lumber, 
and the nature of the split and the kind of lumber under 
consideration must be taken into account before assign- 
ment to proper grade can be made. Except in the case 
of lumber cut for specific purposes, a straight split 
extending not to exceed the width of the board in length 
shall be admitted into the grade of firsts and seconds. 
A split extending to exceed one-fifth the length of the 
piece will reduce it to cull. 

Lumber should be sawed into plump and even thick- 
nesses. Scant sawed lumber must be reduced to the 
next standard thickness, or, in the case of inch lumber, 
to one grade lower. Uneven sawed lumber should be 
reduced at least one grade. 

A cull which will not work one-half of its size free from 
all defects, or which is thinner than one inch, is a mill 
cull of no marketable value. 

Inspectors shall inspect and measure all lumber stand- 



36 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION 



ard grades, length and thicknesses, which shall be 
known hs standard inspection, unless the lumber be cut 
for specific purposes, or unless there be a special agree- 
ment between the buyer and seller to the contrary, in 
either of which cases he shall be governed by the condi- 
tions of the trade as made known to him. 

The Standard Grades of lumber shall be firsts and 
seconds, common and cull. 

Standard Lengths shall be 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 
feet. In walnut and cherry an exception is made and 6 
foot becomes standard. The first and second grade will 
admit of nothing under 10-foot, and not to exceed 10 
per cent of that length in any lot. Common and cull 
will admit of a fair proportion of 8 and 10-foot, and in 
wal'iut and cherry, 6-foot lengths. Lumber longer than 
16 feet will not be admitted into the grade of firsts and 
seconds unless by special agreement. All lumber shorter 
than standard lengths shall be classed mill cull. 

Standard Thickness shall be 1, 1%, 1V 2 , 2, 2V 2 , 3, 
3M> and 4-inch; in poplar or whitewood %-inch shall be 
considered a standard thickness. 

In the grade of firsts and seconds the purchaser is 
entitled to a fair proportion of clear lumber, which must 
not be less than 33V3 per cent. 

Firsts and clear are interchangeable terms, meaning 
that lumber must be 6 inches and over wide, except pop- 
lar, yellow pine and cypress, which must be 8 inches and 
over wide, and free from all defects. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in 
width, square edged and with square ends. Tapering 
lumber is measured at the small end. 

Wagon stock must be cut from good, live, sound, 
tough, straight-grained timber. 

Black stain, hearts, shakes, rots, worm-holes, etc., are 
considered serious defects, reducing lumber to grades 
lower than firsts and seconds. 

I/Og rnn is the entire cut of the log, mill culls out. 

INSPECTION OF LUMBER SAWED FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes, such as axles, 
bolsters, tongues, reaches, newels, balusters, squares, 
etc., must be inspected with a view to the adaptability 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 37 



of the piece for the intended use, as in most cases, it can- 
not be used for other purposes. 

The inspection grades of wagon stock, newels, balus- 
ters, and table legs, shall be clear and cull. 

Bolsters must be 4 feet, 4 feet 6 inches, or multiplies 
thereof in length, and the size must be 3x4, 3 1 /£x4 1 /2, 
3^x5, or 4x5 inches. 

Box Boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, and 
from 13 to 1 7 inches wide. 

Reaches must be 2x4, or 2 1 /4x4 1 / 2 inches, and the 
length shall be 8, 10, 12 and 16 feet. 

Hickory Axles must be 6 or 12 feet long for 3^x4%, 
4x5, 4x6 and 4Vix6 sizes, and 7 or 14 feet for 5x6 and 
5x7 sizes, cut from tough, sound butt logs. 

Wagon Tongues must be straight, 2x4 at the small 
end and 4x4 at the butt end, or 2M>x4V 2 at the small end 
and 4V2X4V2 at butt ends, and 12 feet long. 

Newels must be 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, or 10x10 
inches square. The length must be 4 feet full or multi- 
plies thereof. 

Balusters and Table Legs shall be 2x2, 2V 2 x2^, 
3x3 and 4x4 inches square, and 32 inches long. 

Clear Flooring Strips must be 4 and 6 inches in 
width, one face and two edges clear, and 1 inch thick. 

Common Flooring Strips shall be of the same 
size and general character as clear, but may have one 
standard knot, or a small amount of wane on one edge, 
which will not injure it for working to its full size 

Common Timbers and plank sawed special sizes 
must be free from unsound knots. Sound hearts well 
boxed not showing on the outside, and sound knots are 
allowed. 

SPECIAL INSPECTION. 

When lumber is sold to be inspected and measured 
clear, common and cull, all pieces which would be sec- 
onds under standard inspection shall be put into the 
common grade; otherwise there is no change from 
standard inspection. 

When lumber is. sold to be inspected and measured 
common and better, the purchaser is entitled to the lull 
run of the log with all culls and mill culls out. Com- 



38 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



mon and better must contain at least 50 per cent of 
firsts and seconds. 

When lumber is sold to be inspected and measured 
merchantable, the inspector must measure full, except 
culls, which are to be measured at one-half. Merchant- 
able inspection and measurement applies only to log run 
lumber. 

POPLAR AND WHITEWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 8 inches wide and over. 
At 11 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard 
knot, and at 13 inches two standard knots or 3 inches 
of bright sap. At 15 inches three standard knots or 4 
inches of bright sap may be allowed. An allowance for 
more defects of this character may be made an propor- 
tion to increased width. 

Common shall include 6 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be al- 
lowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. Slightly 
discolored sap is no defect. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

Box Boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, from 13 
to 17 inches wide and free from all defects, except bright 
sap one-third of their width. 



The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and 
over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard 
knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of 
this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 39 



The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may 
be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
aacter may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
acter may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

HICKORY AND PECAN. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots or 
bright sap mav be allowed. An allowance for more de- 
fects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
acter may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common 

BLACK WALNUT. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot and at 10 
inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
acter may be made in proportion to increased with. 

Common shall be 5 inches ^nd over wide, and shall 
include all lumber not up to the grade of firsts and sec- 
onds, but available full three-fourths of its size without 
waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 



40 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



CHERRY. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard 
knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard 
knots. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall 
include all lumber not up to the grade of firsts and sec- 
onds, but available full three -fourths of its size for use 
without waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

Note — Gum spots are considered a serious defect, and 
when their damage exceeds one-sixth of the size of the 
piece, shall reduce il to the grade of common. When 
their damage exceeds one-third of the size of the piece, 
it shall be reduced to cull. 

BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches ma3 r have one inch of sap or one standard 
knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard 
knots. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches 1 inch of sapor one standard knot, and at 8 inches 
two inches of sap or two standard knots may be allowed. 
An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

GUM. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one standard knot and at 10 inches two 
standard knots or one inch of bright sap may be al- 
lowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 41 



Common shall include all lumber 5 inches wide and 
up available for use full three-fourths of its size without 
waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. Bright 
sap may be included in this grade. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

HARD AND SOFT MAPLE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over 
(except flooring). At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two 
standard knots may be allowed. All allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, 
and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use 
without waste. At 6 inches one and 8 inches two stand- 
ard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more de- 
fects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

BASSWOOD AND COTTONWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and sec- 
onds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. Slightly 
discolored sap is allowed. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the des- 
cription of common. 

BIRCH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and 
seconds, common and cull. 



42 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased width. 
Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, 
and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use 
without waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two 
standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

RED BIRCH. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide, 
inspection to be the same as in ordinary birch, except as 
to sap. Six to 8 inches to admit of no sap on face side ; 9 
inches and up must be at ledst 75 per cent red on face side. 

Common must be 4 inches and over wide, inspection 
to be the same as in ordinary birch, except as to sap. 
Four to 8 inches must be red on face side; 9 inches and 
over must be at least 75 per cent red on face side. 

BEECH AND SYCAMORE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and 
seconds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over wide, and 
may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use with- 
out waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard 
knots ma} 7 be allowed. An allowance for more defects of 
this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

ELM. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and 
seconds, common and cull. 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



First and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character ma3 r be made in proportion to increased 
width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may l»e 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

QUARTER-SAWED HARDWOOD LUMBER OF ALL KINDS. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and 
seconds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and 
over. At 7 inches one and at 9 inches two standard 
knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects 
of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be 4 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

CYPRESS. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and 
seconds, common and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 8 inches wide and over. 
At 10 inches two standard knots and 3 inches of bright 
sap may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of 
this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be 6 inches and over in width At 6 
inches one, and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased widths. Bright 
sap is no defect. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. Shakes and pecks are of great 
damage and should be closely scrutinized. 



44 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



RED CEDAR. 

Red cedar should be sold log-run to be measured for 
what it can be worked for. Lengths and widths are no 
defects. Caution should be used in determining defects. 

Note. — Inspectors are instructed to measure and 
inspect all kinds of hardwood lumber that are not 
included in these rules, according to the rules governing 
the inspection of hard and soft maple. 

SOUTHERN OR YELLOW PINE. 

FLOORING. 

Firsts and Seconds rift-sawed shall be clear of all 
defects on the face side, bright sap admissible, angle of 
the grain not to exceed 45 degrees. 

Common rift-sawed shall admit of three sound knots 
M> inch in diameter or one sound knot 1 inch in diameter 
and slight sap stains, but not more than three defects 
to be admitted in a piece, the angle of the grain not to 
exceed 45 degrees. 

Firsts and Seconds flat-sawed shall be clear of all 
defects on the face side, bright sap admissible. 

Common flat-sawed shall admit of three sound 
knots V2 inch in diameter or one sound knot 1 inch in 
diameter, and slight saps stains, but not more than 
three defects to be admitted in a piece. 

Cull shall consist of all pieces below the description of 
common that will lay with a waste of not over one- 
quarter of the piece. 

Ceiling shall take flooring grades except as regards 
grain. 

FINISH. 

Firsts and Seconds clear finish shall not be less than 
8 inches wide and" up to 1.0 inches wide shall be free from 
all defects. Widths over 10 inches and up- to 12 inches 
may have one sound knot % inches in diameter or other 
defects equal to this. Over 12 inches to 14 inches ma}' 
have two such knots and three such knots in widths over 
14 inches Bright sap admissible. Above specifications 
apply to face side of board. 

Common finish shall not be less than 8 inches in 
width and shall admit of sap stains or three sound knots 
equivalent to three inches in diameter on the face side. 



NORTHWESTERN WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 45 

NORTHWESTERN WHITE 
PINE INSPECTION. 



Rules Adopted by the Manufacturers of the Northwest at 
Winona, Minn., Sept 24, 1890. Re-affirmed at Minne- 
apolis, Minn., March 4, 1893. Not of Official Force. 



No arbitrary rules for the inspection of lumber can be 
maintained with satisfaction. The variations from any 
given rule are both numerous and suggested by practical 
common sense, so nothing more definite than the general 
features of different grades should be attempted by rules of 
inspection. In making grades that are standard and uni- 
form, free scope must be given to the grader to exercise 
his judgment in ways that no rule can prescribe. Promi- 
nent among the features that should be taken into con- 
sideration, and which are not within the province of 
rules to describe, is the quality of the pine, whether soft 
and brash, or hard and tough ; whether, on account of 
being narrow, a board cannot have as many defects as a 
rule allows, or, if extra wide, can have more. The par- 
ticular use in building or manufacture to which a piece 
of lumber may be adapted, often warrants an inspection 
at variance with definite rules. The following, therefore, 
are submitted as the general characteristics of the differ- 
ent grades: 

Uppers.— In the grading of finishing lumber in com- 
mon practice, there is a recognized difference in classify- 
ing inch lumber and lumber thicker than inch. A very 
large percentage of the l 1 ^, IV2 and 2-inch lumber used 
for finishing purposes goes into work requiring each face 
to be shown, as in doors, sash, etc. With inch lumber 
the uses are quite different, the almost invariable prac- 
tice being that one face of the board is shown, and that 
face the best one. These facts justify the practice of 
grading thick Uppers with particular reference to each 
face, and inch Uppers with more particular reference to 
one face. 

In the grades of First, Second and Third Clear in thick 
Uppers, each side should be up to the required stand- 
ard. In the grades of A, B or C Select in thick up 



46 NORTHWESTERN WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 



pers, a piece that will grade A Select on its best face may 
be no better than a B Select on the reverse side, and a B 
Select, best face, may be a C Select on the reverse side, 
etc. In inch finish more latitude may be taken in consid- 
ering the reverse side of the best face, except when both 
faces are exposed, as in partition. All uppers must be 
white pine. 

First Clear shall be 12-inch or over in width, and 
free from all delects of whatever nature up to 14 inches. 
Wider than that a half inch of sap on one edge or a less 
amount on two edges on one side will be admissible, but 
the face side must be perfect. 

Second Clear shall be 10 inches or over in width. 
When under 12 inches the piece must practically be free 
from all defects. From 12 to 16 inches in width will ad- 
mit of white sap on each edge not to exceed V2 inch in 
width or 1 inch in width on one edge only. When there 
is no sap, one or two small, sound knots not over *4 inch 
in diameter will be admissible. 

Third Clear shall be 8 inches or over in width. When 
over 16 inches in width the defects may be doubled, and 
up to 10 inches shall be free from all defects. A 10-inch 
piece may have an inch of white sap on each edge, and 
one or two very small, sound knots not to exceed M inch 
in diameter. When 12 to 16 inches, white sap 2 inches 
in width on each side, or three small knots scattered at 
some distance apart, not to exceed an inch in diameter, 
will be admissible. A p'.ece 16 inches and over may have 
3 inches of white sap on both sides, with two or three 
small, sound knots, or one or two more knots of same 
size, well scattered, when there is less or no sap. No 
shake allowed in this grade. 

A Select shall be 8 inch or over in width. In this 
grade an 8-inch piece should not have more than 1 inch 
ol white sap on each edge, or more than 2 inches on one 
edge, and one small knot. In the absence of sap an 
8-inch piece may have two or three small, sound knots not 
to exceed a half inch in diameter. Wider than 8-inch, 
the defects may be increased. In a piece otherwise a 
Third Clear, 12 inch and over in width, a single defect 
such as a knot as large as a dollar, or a single worm- 
hole, or a small local spot that is shakey, or white sap 



NORTHWESTERN WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 47 



on each edge 2 or 3 inches wide, or less sap on one edge 
and a corresponding increase on the other, or four or five 
small, sound knots not larger than a nickel, are each ad- 
missible in the grade of A Select. 

B Select.— Some shake is admissible in this grade, a 
very little in an 8 or 10-inch piece, more when the lumber 
is wider, but never to such an extent that will prevent 
three-fourths of the piece being used for cutting up pur- 
poses. Consequently the shakes should be local, and not 
scattered over the piece. The presence of white sap is no 
objection in this grade and should not be considered a 
defect. Other defects admissible are three to six small 
knots, depending on the width, or if in a wide piece, 
where there are no other defects, two or three large knots 
of the size of a dollar. A little blue sap on one edge of a 
wide piece is admissible in,this grade, or, when the sap is 
but slightly stained, 1 or 2 inches of it will be admissible 
on each side of a wide piece, provided there are but few 
other defects. In narrow pieces but little stained sap is 
admissible, and then only on one edge, or across the face 
at one end. The reverse side of any sap-stained B 
Select should not be discolored entirely across it. To 
summarize, no defect nor combination of defects are ad- 
missible in this grade when three-fourths of the piece can 
not be used for first-class finish. 

C Select. — This grade will admit of quite serious de- 
fects, if the piece retains at the same time a fair appear- 
ance. Black sap on each edge of a wide piece, or on one 
edge of a narrow one, or sap slightly stained entirely 
across the face at one end or in the middle, or from 3 to 
4 inches wide on each side of a wide piece, accompanied 
by some shake or a half dozen small knots, depending on 
the width, are admissible in this grade. Or a piece may 
have considerable fine shake scattered over its face, or 
more of it locally at either end, or in the middle, and be 
admissible. This being the lowest grade of finish, it ad- 
mits of many defects that are serious ; but such defects 
as very coarse knots, or large streaks of rot, or such 
others as give to the lumber a coarse, unsightly appear- 
ance, should not be put in this grade. This grade is gen- 
erally used by, and made for, the retailer, and is not 
adapted for factory work. 



48 NORTHWESTERN WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 



Shop Common should be 6 inch and over in width. 
Its legitimate use is for factory work, or cutting up pur- 
poses. Its leading defects consist of large, coarse knots, 
so distributed that pieces of clear lumber 3 feet or over 
in length and 6 inches and over in width, can be cut out 
between the defects. Other defects, such as considerable 
rot, black sap or splits, may all be so located to admit 
of good cutting. The defects that characterize this grade 
are too coarse in appearance to be admissible in any 
grade of finish, and they should be so located as to ad- 
mit of at least 60 per cent being cut into pieces, free from 
serious defects, of the length and width outlined above. 

Box and Stock Boards.— All grades of stock boards 
should be free from shake or wane or any radical defect 
that would prevent their being used full length and 
width without cutting out defects. With especial refer- 
ence to grade on one face. Boards 13 inch and wider 
are box, and the term Stock is applied to inch boards, 8, 
10 and 12 inches wide. 

A Stock. — Are practically the same grade as Second 
Clear, and will admit of white sap on each edge not to 
exceed % inch in width or 1 inch in width on one edge 
only. 

B Stock. — The same as Third Clear. The exceptions 
to this are that the 8 and 10-inch stock may have the 
same kind of defects as in 12-inch stock, only not quite 
so much sap nor so large or numerous knots. 

C Stock.— Can have two or three inches of white sap 
on each side, or more if on one side; in either case with 
three or four sound scattered knots as large as a quarter, 
or six or eight sound knots as large as a nickel well scat- 
tered. In the absence ot knots a board can have some 
more white sap, or a few more knots when there is no 
sap. 

I) Stock.— May have some sap stain, but not too 
blue, three or four inches in width on each edge, with 8 
to 12 small sound knots varying in size from a nickel to 
a quarter, or 5 or 8 sound knots varying in size from a 
quarter to a dollar. Without sap more knots are ad- 
missible, and with fewer knots more sap. The 8 and 
10-ineli D Stocks .'ire graded similarly, width considered. 

Siding and 3-8 Ceiling.— Siding and % Ceiling are 



NORTHWESTERN WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 49 



graded on the merits of the face side. Ceiling shall be 
graded by the same rules governing the grading of sid- 
ing. Any flaw in the manufacture should be treated as 
a defect. Clear Siding must be clear from all defects. 

No. i and 2 or A and B Siding.— Can have half an 
inch of white sap on the thin edge, or two or three sound 
knots a half inch in diameter. Either of these defects are 
admissible, but not both. 

No. 3 or C Siding.— Can have white sap 2 or 3 inches 
wide on either edge. Or an inch of white sap with two 
or three sound knots well scattered, not exceeding an 
inch in diameter, or with one or two more knots if 
smaller. No shake admissible. 

No. 4 or D Siding. — May have some shake and con- 
siderable stained sap. The shake should be fine and the 
stained sap not very blue. With or without either of 
these defects, may go as many as a dozen small knots 
well scattered, as large as a nickel, or some larger in 
less number, but no piece of Siding No. 4 should contain 
more than four knots as large as a quarter, and they 
should be well scattered. 

JFence Siding.— Should consist of the regular grade 
of No. 1 Fencing made into Siding. 

Fonr and 6-inch Flooring, Drop Siding, Ceiling 
and Partition.— All Flooring, Drop Siding and Ceiling 
should be graded on the merits of the face side, and ac- 
cording to the rules governing the grading of Flooring. 
Partition must present both faces equal in grade, or else 
be graded according to the poorest face. All Flooring, 
Drop Siding and Ceiling should have the tongue and 
groove well supported on the lower side, and this reverse 
side should have enough smooth surface to support the 
board. If, on account of wane, this is not the case, the 
piece should be placed in the grade next below where its 
face entitles it. 

No. 1 or A. Flooring can have 1 or 2 sound pin 
knots, as large as the end of a lead pencil or half inch of 
white sap on one edge, but cannot have both defects. 

No. 2 or B Flooring may have an inch of white 
sap 011 one edge, or a half inch on both edges. With less 
sap, one or two small knots as large as a dime, scattered; 
or without sap as many as three knots no larger than a 
dime. 



50 NORTHWESTERN WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 



No. 3 or C Flooring will admit of considerable white 
sap, which may extend across the face at either end, or 
be three inches in width along one edge of a 6 inch piece. 
Also two or three sound knots an inch in diameter, 
four or five less than half inch in diameter, or two knots 
as large as a quarter, are each admissible. 

No. 4 or D Flooring- will admit of an entire face of 
white sap and considerable stained sap if not too blue. 
A dozen small knots well scattered; five or six sound 
ones an inch in diameter, also some shake. 

The different grades of fencing, dressed and matched, 
should be nothing more nor less than the regular grade 
of rough fencing made into flooring. 

First Common Boards and" Fencing should be 
sound lumber, free from shake, split, worm-holes, or 
large coarse knots that weaken the board. It is gener- 
ally understood that a No. 1 board should turn water 
when used on a roof, the knots sound and firmly set. 
Boards and fencing should retain these qualities after 
being worked into Shiplap, Drop Siding, Grooved Roof- 
ing or Flooring. 

Second Common Boards and Fencing will admit 
of some considerable shake, larger and more numerous 
knots not necessarily sound, sap stain, narrow rotten 
streaks that are firm in substance. In Fencing the knots 
should not be so large, nor bunched together to seriously 
weaken a piece, nor should there be much shake on the 
ends. Some small, fine worm-holes are admissible. When 
worked to Shiplap, Flooring, etc., no knot-holes are ad- 
missible. 

Third Common Boards and Fencing consists of 
lumber having a great deal of shake, coarse knots that 
materially weaken the boards, knot-holes, splits, wane, 
or firm red rot covering not more than one-third of the 
board face. 

Dimension, First Common, must be sound, well 
manufactured and free from rot. Some shake is admissi- 
ble and some wane, but the ends should generally be 
square edged. The larger in size the dimension, larger 
and morenumerous knots are admissible. 

Second Common will admit of considerabe wane, 
numerous large, coarse knots that materially weaken it, 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 51 



streaks of red, firm, rot, or numerous worm-holes. Di- 
mension in quality good enough for No. 1, but poorly 
sawed, should be graded No. 2. 

Shipping" Culls, whether in boards or Dimension, 
should be uniform in length and width, well trimmed 
and strong enough to be handled without breakage. 
The predominating defect is red rot covering more than 
a half of its surface. This grade should be free from 
lumber that is absolutely worthless. 

The above rules are all based on the .supposition that 
lumber is well manufactured to recognized standards of 
width and thickness. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPEC- 
TION. 



Rules for Inspection of Lumber Adopted by the Lumber- 
men's Exchange, of Philadelphia. Reprinted by Spe- 
cial Permission 

WHITE PINE. 

First Cleat shall be not less than 12 inches in width 
and 12 feet in length; must be perfect up to 14 inches in 
width. On that width sap may be allowed equal to 1 
inch the whole length of the piece on one side, but the 
face must be perfect. Over that width imperfections may 
be allowed in proportion to the width based on the de- 
scription of a 14-inch piece. 

Second Clear shall be not less than 11 inches in 
width and 12 feet in length; must be perfect up to 12 
inches in width. At that width sap may be allowed 
equal to 1 inch the whole length of the piece on one 
side. Over that width imperfections may be allowed in 
proportion to the width based on the description of a 
12-inch piece. 

Third Clear shall be not less than 10 inches in width 
and 12 feet in length ; must be perfect up to 11 inches in 
width. At that width sap may be allowed equal to 1 
inch the whole length of the piece on one side. Overthat 



52 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



width imperfections may be allowed in proportion to the 
width based on the description of a 11-inch piece. 

Selects shall be not less than 9 inches in width and 12 
feet in length ; must be perfect up to 10 inches in width. 
At that width sap may be allowed equal to 1 inch in 
width on both edges on one side. Over that width im- 
perfections may be allowed in proportion to the width 
based on the description of a 10-inch piece. 

Fine Common shall be not less than 8 inches in 
width and 12 feet in length. At that width shall have 
one clear face; 9 inches and over in width may admit of 
some knots, and less sap in proportion to the width. 
This grade makes good one side lumber, and in general 
knots shall be allowed, so that this grade is not injured 
for finishing purposes. 

No. I Shelving shall be 12 inches and over in width, 
and not less than 12 feet in length, with clear edges and 
a few small, tight knots. 

No. 2 Shelving" or Dressing shall be 10 inches and 
over in width and not less than 12 feet in length, with 
clear edges and medium sized, sound knots. 

No. I Cuts shall be 9 inches and over in width, with 
75 per cent of good lumber in the piece. 

No. 2 Cuts shall be 8 inches and over in width, with 
about 60 per cent of good lumber in the piece— this grade 
will admit of some shake. * 

No. I Moulding shall be 6 inches and over in width, 
and not less than 12 feet in length, straight grained with 
one clear heart face — will admit of slight discoloraton of 
sap on the back. 

No. 2 Moulding, when tmder 6 inches in width, shall 
have one clear heart face — when 6 inches and over in 
width, will, admit of a few small sound knots or sap on 
face not over one-third the width of the piece. 

Case Boards shall be 16 inches and over in width 
and not less than 12 feet in length— free from split, rot, 
shake and loose knots. 

Barn Quality shall be 8 inches and over in width 
and not less than 12 feet in length— free from split, rot, 
shake and unsound knots. 

It is understood that all the above grades shall be full 
thickness and well manufactured. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 53 



Culls shall be 6 inches and over in width, of a gener- 
ally unsound character, and when the imperfections are 
too great for the ordinary purposes of barn quality. 

Mill Culls.— All lumber below culls, not actually 
worthless. 

DRESSED LUMBER. 

Six-inch Clear Fencing- shall be not less than 12 
feet in length, % of an inch in thickness, and 5% inch 
face, and shall be perfect. 

Six-inch No. I Fencing- shall be of the same di- 
mensions as Clear Fencing, and will admit of one small 
knot, or sap % inch in width the full length of the piece, 
with perfect face. 

Six-inch No. 2 Fencing shall be of the same dimen- 
sions as Clear Fencing, and admit of a few small sound 
knots with sap 1 inch, the full length of the piece on one 
side — if fewer knots more sap is allowed. 

Six-inch No. 3 Fencing shall be of the same dimen- 
sions as the Clear " Fencing — free from rot or large un- 
sound knots — slight shakes will be admitted if without 
other imperfections, 

Six-inch No. 4 Fencing shall be of the same dimen- 
sions as Clear Fencing — rougher than No. 3 grade, but 
not so unsound that it cannot be used for its intended 
purpose. 

Promiscuous Width Fencing. — In Promiscuous 
Fencing the cp^ality shall be the same as above grades, 
and the face shall be the full width represented. 

GERMAN SIDING, BASE BOARDS, CEILING (OR ONE-SIDE 
FENCING) AND FLOORING. 

Six-inch Clear shall be not less than 12 feet in 
length, % inch in thickness, and 5% inches in width, and 
shall be perfect on the face. 

Six-inch No. I shall be the same dimensions as Clear, 
and will admit of one small knot, or sap % inch in width 
the full length of the piece on the face. 

Six-inch No. 2 shall be of the same dimensions as 
Clear, and will admit of a few small, tight knots and 1 
inch of sap the full length of the piece. If less knots, 
more sap is allowed in proportion. 



54 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



Six-inch No. 3 shall be of the same dimensions as 
Clear, and shall be free from shake, rot or large, unsound 
knots. 

BEVEL SIDING. 

Clear shall be not less than 12 feet in length and 5% 
inches in width, and must be perfect on face side. 

No. I shall be the same dimensions as Clear, and will 
admit of one small knot or J /2 inch of bright sap the full 
length of the piece on face side. 

No. 3 shall be the same dimensions as Clear, and will ad- 
mit of two or three small knots, or 1 inch of bright sap 
the full length of piece on face side. 

No. 3 shall be the same dimensions as Clear, and will 
admit of four or five small knots, or 2 inches of bright 
sap the full length of the piece on face side. 

No. 4 shall be the same dimensions as Clear, and will 
admit of larger knots than the No. 3 grade; will also 
allow fine shake. 

PLASTERING LATH. 

No. I shall be 4 feet in length, not less than % of an 
inch in thickness, 1 3 £ inches in width, free from rot, wane 
or worm holes. 

WHITE PINE SCANTLING 

Shall be from 2x3 to 8x8 in dimensions, well manufact- 
ured, and shall be principally 16 feet long; quality shall 
be small, sound knots. 

WHITE PINE TIMBER 

Shall be square edges, straight grained, free from large 
or loose knots, or other imperfections that will materi- 
ally injure the strength of the piece. 

WHITE PINE PALES. 

No. 1 shall be clear of knots, wane and black sap, not 
less than % of an inch in thickness and 2% inches in 
width. 

No. 2 shall be the same dimensions as No. 1, and will 
admit of sap and sound knots. 

YELLOW PINE. 
All lumoer of merchantable quality must be sound, 
square edged and square butted. 12 feet and over in 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 55 



length. Scantling to average 25 feet in length, unless 
otherwise ordered. All to be well manufactured and full 
to size. 

Merchantable Edge Boards must be either 1 inch 
or I 1 /! inch thick, 3 inches and over in width, free from 
loose or unsound knots or knots over \ X A inch in dia- 
meter; also free from rot, shake, turpentine deposit, or 
worm holes, and one face free from discolored sap that 
will not plane off bright when worked in flooring. If 
sawed tapering, to be measured at narrowest part. 

Common Edge Boards. — All rough, thin and 
stained boards, not up to the grade of Merchantable, 
shall be called Common, and must be 10 feet and over in 
length, and either full % inch, 1 inch or 1^4 inch thick, 
and better than a worthless or mill cull board. 

No. i Heart Face Boards must be 1 inch or 1*4 
inch thick, 3 inches and over wide, and free from knots 
and all other imperfections on the face side, and sound 
on the opposite side. 

No. 2 Heart Face Boards must be 1 inch or 1*4 
inch thick, 3 inches and over in width, and free from rot, 
shake and unsound or loose knots. * On boards under 6 
inches wide, bright sap shall be allowed on the face or 
best side of % inch on one edge. Boards 6 inches and 
over wide may have bright sap on both edges of the face 
side not to exceed ^ inch in width. Knots shall be al- 
lowed on the heart face side, viz.: On boards 6 inches 
and under wide and 16 feet long and under, one knot of 
not over */2 inch in diameter; over 16 feet long, and same 
width, two knots of same description. Boards over 6 
inches wide and 16 feet long and under, three knots not 
over V2 inch in diameter, and same, over 16 feet long, 
number of knots may increase in proportion as the 
length of the board increases. 

All boards not up to grade of No. 1 or No. 2 Heart 
Face, shall be inspected as "Merchantable" and "Com- 
mon" Edge Boards. 

All boards shall be manufactured parallel widths and 
so counted. 

No 1 Heart Step Boards and Plank must be either 
1 inch, I14 inch, l 1 /^ inch or 2 inches thick, and IOV2 
inches to 14 inches wide (80 per cent, 12 inches and 



56 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



over). One face and one edge entirely free from all im- 
perfections, and sound on opposite face. 

No. 2 Heart Step Boards and Plank must be 1 
inch, 1*4 inch, IV2 inch or 2 inches thick, allowing V2 inch 
of sap on one corner of the face side, and one knot not 
exceeding 1 inch in diameter to every 4 feet in length ; to 
be free from rot, shake and split; same widths as No. 1. 

In the measurement of Side and Edge Boards, Heart 
Face Boards, and Step Boards and Plank, the fraction of 
a foot in contents shall not be counted, and in Heart 
Face Boards they shall be counted whole and half inches 
only in width, viz.: 3, 3V 2 , 4, 4V 2 , 5, 5V 2 , etc. 

Merchantable Plank. — 1M inch, 1V 2 inch and 2 
inches thick, 6 inches and over in width. Plank 10 inches 
and under in width shall show one heart face and two- 
thirds heart the entire length on the opposite face. Over 
10 inches wide, 1 inch of sap shall be allowed on each 
corner of heart face for not exceeding 4 feet in length. 
The other side shall show not less than one-half heart 
the entire length; lumber to be sound, and free from 
knots more than 2 inches in diameter, also free from rot 
and through shake, or splits which are over 4 feet in 
length. 

Merchantable Scantling.— Sizes 2x3 and over. All 
sixes from 2x3 to 6x8, viz.: 2x3 and 4, 3x4 to 8, 4x4 to 
8, 5x5 to 8, and 6x6 to 8, shall show three corners 
heart, and sizes 5x5 and under to have no knots over iy 2 
inch in diameter. O ver 5x5 up to 6x8, knots not exceeding 2 
inches in diameter. All sizes from 3x8, 4x8, 5x8, 6x8 
and over up to 14 inches to be inspected the same as 
lumber designated as Plank. 

Square sizes, viz.: 7x7,8x8,9x9. Sap shall be allowed 
on all corners, but not to exceed IV2 inch on any one cor- 
ner. Other square sizes 10x10 and over shall show two- 
thirds heart on all s : des. Other sizes over 8x8, where 
the width exceeds the thickness, viz.: 8x10,8x12, 10x12, 
etc., shall show at least two-thirds heart on widest face 
and show heart the entire length on the narrow face. 

All Merchantable Scantling shall be free from through 
or round shake, rot or knots that impair the strength of 
the piece. 

Any piece of Scantling or Plank not up to size intended 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 57 



shall be counted as next lower size or thickness, and all 
such lumber not up to the grade of Merchantable shall 
be counted and kept separate, and held subject to order 
of seller on payment of all expenses incurred on said 
lumber, unless price is mutually agreed upon at time of 
purchase. 

In Scantling, fractious of a foot in length shall not be 
counted except when ordered to be specified lengths in 
feet and inches. 

VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

All lumber of Merchantable quality must be sound, 
square edged and parallel widths, 12 feet and over in 
length, and all to be well manufactured and full to size. 

No. i, Sap Flooring Quality, shall be 4-4, 5-4, or 
6-4 inches in thickness, 6 inches and over in width, clear 
of sap stain and other imperfections on face side, and 
sound on the opposite side. 

No. a, Sap Flooring Quality, shall be 4-4, 5-4, or 
6-4 inches in thickness, 3 inches and over in width ; shall 
be perfect on the face side up to 6 inches in width ; 6 
inches and over shall admit of a few sound knots and 
slight discoloration from stain, and sound on the oppo- 
site side. 

Sap Pine, Rough Quality, shall be 4-4, 5-4, or 6-4 
inches in thickness, 3 inches and over in width, and shall 
include all boards which are sound in quality and not 
specified in above grades. 

All Boards less than 1 inch and not less than % inch 
in thickness, in No. 1 and No. 2 Flooring Quality, shall 
be counted as Rough. The same thickness in Rough shall 
be counted as Thin. 

No. i Heart Step Boards and Plank shall be 4-4 
and 5-4 inches in thickness, 10% inches and over in 
width, and 6-4 and 8-4 inches in thickness, 12 inches and 
over in width. One face and one edge must be perfect, 
and sound on the opposite side. 

No. 2, Heart Step Boards and Plank shall be the 
same dimensions as No. 1, and will admit of 1 inch of 
sap on one edge of face side, and one sound, tight knot 
not exceeding 1 inch in diameter to every 4 feet in length. 
Free from rot, shake, split and turpentine deposit. 



58 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



Heart Flooring Grade shall be 4-4, 5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 
inches in thickness, and shall consist of all boards and 
plank equal in quality to No. 1 Stepping, and less than 
IOV2 inches in width. That width and over will admit 
of a few small knots or 1 inch of sap on each edge. 

Rough Heart shall be 4-4, 5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 inches in 
thickness, and of same grade as specified in Rough Qual- 
ity Sap Pine. 

All Boards and Plank below the grades above speci- 
fied shall be inspected as Culls. 

Heart Scantling and Plank from 3x4 to 3x12, and 
4x4 to 4x12, shall be heart on face side and % heart on 
opposite side, and will admit of sound knots that will 
not impair the strength of the piece ; 5x5 and upwards 
will admit of 1 inch of sap on each corner and ol sound 
quality. All the above sizes shall be free from through or 
round shake, rot or unsound knots. 

All Scantling and Plank inferior to above quality 
shall be counted as Culls. 

Any Piece of Scantling or Plank, not up to size 
intended, shall be counted as the next lower size or 
thickness. 

HARDWOODS. 

The question of grading and inspecting lumber is so 
much a matter of judgment to the Inspector as each 
piece comes before him, that no definite and positive 
rules can be laid down on paper by which any piece or 
any thousand feet can be inspected. 

The variety of defects, and their location upon a piece, 
and their size, have such relations to each other that 
the inspector necessarily must depend upon his own 
judgment in grading, guided by the following rules, so 
far as they will apply practically: 

A Standard Knot is not to exceed 1 x 4 inches in dia- 
meter, and must be sound. 

Larger and loose knots grade the piece of lumber 
lower, as the judgment of the Inspector thinks proper. 

Splits are not to exceed in length the width of the 
piece in Firsts, and twice the length of the width of the 
piece in Seconds, and not more than 25 per cent can 
be split. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 59 



Shakes are not admitted in Firsts and Seconds. 

Worm Holes to be excluded in Firsts, and only ad- 
mitted in Seconds in quantities equal to defects hereafter 
described in this quality. 

Tapering X,umher shall be measured one-third of 
its length from the narrow end. 

Thickness. — All lumber must be sawed square edged, 
and be full thickness when seasoned. 

Tfttmher sawed for specific purposes, and dimension 
stock, must conform to the requirements of size and 
quality for the purposes intended, and be so inspected 
and measured. 

Culls are not marketable unless one-half the surface 
of the board is free from defects. 

Mill Culls are not marketable except by special ar- 
rangement. 

TfOg Run is understood to be the run of the unpicked 
logs, mill culls out. 

Combined Firsts and Seconds, as a grade, shall 
have 50 per cent of First Quality, unless otherwise stated 
differently hereinafter. 

Standard lengths are to be 12, 14 and 16 feet, ad- 
mitting 10 per cent of 8 and 10 feet lengths. 

Newels from all kinds of timber are to be cut outside 
the heart, and to be clear, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 
inches when seasoned, and to be in lengths of 4 feet or 
any multiple thereof. 

Balusters to be cut exactly square, of full size, and 
clear, and to be 75 per cent 36 inches long ; 25 per cent 
32 inches long. 



Grades. — Firsts and Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of bright sap on one side not exceeding 1 inch in 
width, or one standard knot, showing only on one side ; 
1 6 inches wide and over will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard 
knots, showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and. 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches will admit of 



60 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



one standard knot; 11 to 15 inches wide will admit of 
two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will admit 
of three standard knots. In any widths not more than 
one-fifth of the surface of one side may be sappy, but the 
piece shall be without other defect. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 
inches wide shall be clear ; 6 inches and over in width 
shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of good 
Seconds, two-thirds of each piece being clear. 

Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade 
of Good Rejects, half ot each piece being clear. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. 

CHERRY AND BUTTERNUT. 

Grades. —Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and ovei in width; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit of bright sap on one side not exceeding 1 inch in 
width, or one standard knot showing only on one side; 
15 inches wide and over will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard 
knots showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot ; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit of two standard knots; 15 inches wide and over 
will admit of three standard knots. Gum spots in above 
grades not admitted, except where very slight. In any 
widths not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side 
may be sappy, but the piece shall be without other de- 
fect. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 
inches wide shall be clear or clear on one side ; 6 inches 
and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to 
the grade of Good Seconds, two-thirds of each piece be- 
ing clear. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
Good Rejects, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls. — Other than as above stated shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

Strips 3 to 7 inches wide shall be clear or clear faced. 
The reverse side will admit of one-half sap, or one defect. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 61 



OAK — (PLAIN, WHITE OR RED.) 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot showing only on one side ; 16 
inches -wide and over will admit of two standard knots 
showing only on one side. Live sap admitted on one 
side not to exceed 10 per cent of the surface, if without 
other defects. Must be entirely free from worm-holes. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 
7 inches are to be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of 
one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of 
two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will admit 
of three standard knots. Live sap admitted on one side, 
not to exceed 20 per cent of the surface, if without other 
defects. Worm holes are serious defects. 

Culls shall include all lumber not equal to the grade 
of good seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

ASH. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot ; 16 inches wide and over will 
admit of two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 7 
inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit 
of one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit 
of two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will 
admit of three standard knots. Heart or doted boards 
and plank will not be admitted. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
good Seconds, one half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls'. 

ELM. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot; 16 inches wide and over will 



62 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



admit of two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. 
Must be entirely free from worm holes. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will 
admit of one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will 
admit of two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over 
will admit of three standard knots. Live white sap al- 
lowed. Worm holes are serious defects. 

Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade 
of good, Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

MAPLE — (HARD AND SOFT. J 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot ; 16 inches wide and over will 
admit of two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches will admit of 
two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will admit 
of three standard knots. Live white sap allowed. 
Heart or doted boards and planks will not be admitted. 

Culls are to include lumber not equal to the grade of 
good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

MAPLE SQUARES. 

Four inches b} r 4 inches to 10 inches by 10 inches 
square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, clear, 
sound and free from all defects, and of full size when sea- 
soned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes 
and checks; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit of two stand- 
ard knots; 11 and 10 feet lengths admit of three stand- 
ard knots. Bright sap admitted when not exceeding 50 
per cent of the surface. These defects are based on 6x6 
squares, and arc to bear the same on other sizes. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 63 



Culls are to include all squares not equal to the grade 
of good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

QUARTERED OAK— (SHALL BE FIGURED.) 

Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 
inches wide shall be clear ; 10 inches and over in width 
will admit of one standard knot showing only on one 
side, or equal defect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 
inches wide will admit of one standard knot showing 
only on one side, or equal defect ; 10 inches and over in 
width will admit of two standard knots showing only on 
one side, or equal defect. 

Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only accepted by special 
agreement. Combined grade of Firsts and Seconds shall 
contain not less than 75 per cent of Firsts. 

POPLAR — ( WHITE WOOD ) . 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Common. 

Firsts are to be 10 inches and over in width; 10 to 
12 inches wide must be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will 
admit of 1 inch of bright sap showing only on one side ; 
16 inches wide and over will admit of 2 inches of bright 
sap. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 inches 
wide shall be clear; 9 to 12 inches wide will admit of 2 
inches of bright sap, or one standard knot; 13 to 15 
inches wide will admit of 3 inches of bright sap, or two 
standard knots; 16 inches and over wide will admit of 
4 inches of bright sap, or three standard knots. 

Common shall include any width not less than 5 
inches, and will allow bright sap on one side, or 
one-third discolored sap on one side. Two unsound 
knots will be allowed in this grade if over 12 inches 
wide, or one sound knot in excess of those allowed 
in Seconds, if without discolored sap, — straight splits 
not over one-third the length shall be admitted ; other- 
wise lumber must be sound. In this grade two-thirds 
must be good lumber. 



64 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
common, one-half of each piece being good lumber. 
Mill Culls shall include all lumber not one-half good. 

POPLAR SQUARES. 

Four inches by 4 inches to 10 inches by 10 inches 
square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound 
and free from all defects, sawed square and oi full size 
when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes 
and checks; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit of two stan- 
dard knots and 2 inches of bright sap on two corners ; 
14 and 16 feet lengths admit of three standard knots 
and 2 inches of bright sap on two corners. These defects 
are based on 6x6 squares, and bear the same ratio in 
other sizes. 

Culls include all squares not equal to the grade of 
good Seconds, one-half being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than above stated, shall he classed as 
Mill Culls. 

BIRCH AND BEECH. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot showing only on one side; 15 
inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots 
showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit of two standard knots; 15 inches wide and over will 
admit of three standard knots. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to grade of good 
Rejects, half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall beclassed 
as Mill Culls. 

CHESTNUT. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 15 
inches wide shall be clear; 16 inches w.de and over will 
admit of one standard knot. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 65 



Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; S to 12 
inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 13 to 15 
inches wide will admit of two standard knots; 16 inches 
wide and over will admit of three standard knots. 
Worm holes in above grades not admitted, except when 
in a bunch not larger than the standard knot or knots, 
as provided for the width of board in which they appear. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above described, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

GUM AND SYCAMORE. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of bright sap on one side not exceeding 1 inch in 
width, or one standard knot showing only on one side ; 
16 inches wide and over will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard 
knots showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of two. standard knots; 16 inches wide and over 
will admit of three standard knots. In any widths, not 
more than one-fifth of the surface of one side may be 
sappy, but the piece shall be without other defect. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 
inches wide shall be clear; 6 inches and over in width 
shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of good 
Seconds, two-thirds of each piece being clear. 

Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade 
of good Rejects, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

COTTONWOOD. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 
inches wide must be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of 2 inches of bright sap on one side, or one standard 
knot showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over 



66 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



admit ot 3 inches of bright sap on one side, or two 
standard knots showing only on one side. 

Seconds to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 
inches wide must be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of 

2 inches of bright sap on one side, or one standard knot 
showing only on one side ; 13 to 15 inches will admit of 

3 inches of bright sap on one side, or two standard knots 
showing only on one side; 16 inches wide and over will 
admit of 4 inches of bright sap on one side, or three 
standard knots showing only on one side. 

Culls to be all the lumber not equal to the grade of 
good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

BASSWOOD. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear of knots ; 13 to 15 inches wide 
will admit one standard knot showing only on one side; 
16 inches wide and over will admit two standard knots 
showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear of knots ; 8 to 12 inches will 
admit of one standard knot showing only on one side; 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots 
showing only on one side; 16 inches wide and over will 
admit of three standard knots showing only on one side. 

Culls to include all the lumber not equal to the grade 
of good Seconds, one-half the piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than above stated, shall be classed 
as Mill Culls. 

QUARTERED SYCAMORE — (SHALL BE FIGURED). 

Same as Ouartered Oak, except as to sap; all sao, 
Culls. 

Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 
inches wide shall be clear; 10 inches and over wide will 
admit of one standard knot showing only on one side, 
or equal defect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 
inches wide will admit of one standard knot showing 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 67 



only on one side, or equal defect; 10 inches and over in 
width will admit of two standard knots showing only 
on one side, or equal defect. 

Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only accepted by special 
agreement, 

HICKORY. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one standard knot showing only on one side ; 16 
inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots 
showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 7 
inches shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of 
one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of 
two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will admit 
of three standard knots. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, other than above stated, shall be classed as 
Mill Culls. 

SECOND GROWTH HICKORY. 

Sawed through and through and rough edged ; shall 
be measured inside the wane, and the average width of 
the face. 

HEMLOCK. 

The inspection of Hemlock shall be as follows : 

Boards and fencing shall consist of three grades — Mill 
Culls, Culls and Good. 

A Mill Cull shall consist of a board that is rotten, 
very badly shaken, that contains the shape, but not the 
substance, which is not altogether worthless, but is 
used for some certain purposes, at a low price. 

A Cull Board shall consist of a board having a few 
loose knots or knot-holes, not over size of a50-cent piece, 
or shake equal to one-half the board, or streak}"- rots, 
or split half the length of the board. 

Good shall consist of all boards better than Culls. 

All boards above Mill Culls shall be known as Log 
Run, Mill Culls out, and all boards above Culls shall be 
known as Los: Run, Culls out. 



68 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 



Scantling 1 shall consist of 2x3, 2x4 and 3x4, and shall 
be of two grades— Good and Culls. 

A Good Piece shall be well manufactured, may admit 
of wane one-quarter the length of the piece one-half the 
thickness on one edge, except 2x3, which must be square 
to the end, with balance otherwise good, and no other 
defects that would materially injure the strength of the 
piece. 

A Cull shall be a piece which is not included in the 
Good. 

Joists shall consist of two grades — Culls and Good, 

Call Joists shall consist of all pieces that are doted, 
badly shaken, very cross grained, and suchasare warped 
out of shape, provided that large knots or that one or 
two straight splits in either end of the joist shall not be 
construed to make it a Cull, unless it reduces the strength 
of the p'ece. Wanes shall not condemn apiece unless over 
two-thirds the length and one-half the thickness of piece. 

Good Joists shall be well manufactured, and shall 
consist of all pieces above Culls. 

SHINGLING, LATH, PICKETS AND PALES 

Shall be well made, parallel widths, and sawed from 
sound timber. 

PLASTERING LATH 

Shall be well manufactured, from sound timber, and 
standard size shall be 1V& inch by 5-16, and 3 or 4 feet 
long. 

BILL LUMBER 

Shall consist of sizes thicker than 3 inches, and shall be 
well manufactured, of full size, as designated in the bill, 
and the inspection shall be the same as for good Joists, 
except that no wane be allowed that will destroy the 
strength of the piece. 

SPRUCE. 

The inspection of Spruce shall be as follows : 

Grades. — Merchantable and Culls. 

Merchantable Boards shall be free from shakes and 
loose or unsound knots. All shaky boards with loose 
and unsound knots shall be inspected as Culls. 

Merchantable Scantling, Plank and Joists shall 



TORONTO INSPECTION. 69 



also be sound in character and free from cross-grain that 
will affect the strength of the piece, and will admit of 
wane not to exceed one-quarter the length of the piece 
and one-third the thickness on one edge. A Cull shall be 
a piece not included in the Merchantable. 

Pickets shall be either 4, 4Vfe or 5 feet in length, and 
%, % or 4-4 inches thick, and 3 inches in width, and shall 
be sound and of parallel widths. 

Plastering: 1,-ath shall be sound and well manufact- 
ured and standard size; shall be 4 feet in length and 
I%x5-16 inches, and 100 in a bundle. 



TORONTO INSPECTION 



Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Pine and 
Hardwood dumber Adopted by the I/Utnber Section of 
the Board of Trade of the City of Toronto, Ont., and 
Sanctioned by the Council of the Board June 16, 1890. 



PINE LUMBER. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSPECTION. 

Inspectors of lumber must measure and inspect each 
piece as the}*- find it, of full length and width. Imperfec- 
tions are not to be measured out. 

All lumber must be put into the grade its defects call 
for, regardless of measurement. 

All lumber over 1 inch in thickness must be measured 
full, with the V^ or Mj added on each piece. (No fraction 
in width allowed. ) 

In inspection the Inspector is instructed to use his best 
judgment, based upon the rules laid down for his guid- 
ance. 

The standard knot is to be considered as not exceeding 
li/i inches in diameter. 

Splits are a greater or lesser defect in lumber, and must 
be considered accordingly. 

All lumber must be cut plump in thickness and be well 



70 TORONTO INSPECTION. 



manufactured, and all lumber imperfectly manufactured 
shall be classed as Culls. 

GRADES. 

The following shall be the grades of lumber sanctioned 
by the Council of the Board of Trade for the Lumber 
Section of the Board of Trade of the city of Toronto : 

Clear dumber shall be perfect in all respects and free 
from wane, rot, shake or check, not less than 12 feet 
long, 8 inches wide and 1 inch thick. A piece 12 inches 
wide will admit of imperfections to the extent of one 
standard knot or its equivalent in sap. In lumber over 
12 inches wide the Inspector must use his best judgment 
in accordance with the instructions above given. 

Picks. — Pickings must not be less than 12 feet long, 
8 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness, well manufactured 
and free from wane, rot, shake or check. A piece 8 inches 
wide will admit of one standard knot, or imperfections 
in sap to the same extent. A piece 12 inches wide will 
admit of two standard knots, or imperfections in sap to 
the same extent. For lumber wider than 12 inches, of 
this grade, Inspectors will carry out the instructions as 
giver regarding wide, clear lumber. 

No. I Cutting" Up shall not be less than 12 feet long, 
7 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness. Clear pieces 10 
feet long and the required width are included in this 
grade; this must be free from wane, rot, shake or check. 
Pieces from 7 to 9 inches wide will admit of imperfections 
to the extent of two standard knots or their equivalent 
in sap. Pieces from 10 to 12 inches wide will admit of 
three standard knots or imperfections equivalent to 
them in sap, and wider for lumber of this grade Inspectors 
will follow instructions as given in two previous grades. 
Inspectors are informed that this grade of lumber is ex- 
pected to cut out two-thirds clear in profitable lengths 
to the consumer. 

No. 2, Cutting" Up shall not be less than 10 feet long, 
6 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness, and shall cut at 
least one-half clear in accordance with the instructions 
as given above regarding No. 1 Cutting Up Lumber. 

Fine Dressing.— This grade of lumber shall be gen- 
erallv of a sound character, and shall be free from wane, 



TORONTO INSPECTION. 71 



rot, shake or check, not less than 10 feet long, 7 inches 
wide and 1 inch in thickness. A piece 7 inches wide will 
admit of one or more knots which can be covered w'th a 
10-eent piece if they are sound. A piece wider than 7 in- 
ches will admit of one or more knots of the same size ac- 
cording - to the judgment of the Inspector in regard to 
the width. 

Common Dressing- shall not be less than 10 feet 
long, 7 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness, and shall be 
free from wane, rot or check, and shall be generally of a 
sound character, and will admit of standard knots that 
will not unfit it for dressing purposes. 

Common shall be free from rot and unsound knots, 
and well manufactured, not less than 10 feet long, 7 
inches wide and 1 inch in thickness. 

Strips.— Clear Strips shall be from 4 to 6 inches wide, 
not less than 12 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, and 
shall have one perfectly clear face, free from all imperfec- 
tions ; bright sap will be permitted on the reverse side. 

Sap Strips for fine dressingshall be from 4 to 6 inches 
wide, not less than 12 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, 
and will admit of one knot which can be covered by a 
10-cent piece in a piece 4 inches wide, and two knots of 
like size in apiece 6 inches wide. All strips free from other 
imperfections and- having bright sap on two sides would 
be admitted into this grade. 

Common Dressing Strips shall be from 4 to 6 inches 
wide, not less than 10 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, 
and shall be well manufactured and generally of a sound 
character; will admit of knots which are sound and not 
coarse, and which will not unfit it for ordinary dressing 
purposes. 

Common Strips shall be from 4 to G inches in width, 
not less than 10 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, free 
from rot and wane, and to be of a coarse, sound char- 
acter. 

No. I Culls. — This grade shall consist of lumber above 
the grade of No. 2 Culls, and shall admit of coarse knots 
and stain and be free from rot. It shall also admit of 
pieces imperfectly manufactured, below 1 inch in thick- 
ness and perfectly sound, and not rendered worthless 
through improper manufacture. 



72 TORONTO INSPECTION. 



No. 2 Culls shall be lumber that will work one-half 
sound. 

No. I I/ath shall be 4- feet long, and shall be when cut 
lVb, 1% and 1% inches in width, cut out of good, sound, 
live timber, free from wane, rot or knots, well manu- 
factured and trimmed square at the ends. 

No. 2, I,ath shall be of the same width and length as 
No. 1 Lath, and shall admit of a small portion of wane, 
and also will admit of lath sap stained, and will admit 
of small, sound knots ; must otherwise be well manu- 
factured. 

No. XXX Shingles, packed in 4 bunches to the 
1,000, of 250 each, free from all rot, shake, sap, knots, 
pin holes, bastards, or defects of any nature. A shingle 
4 inches being the standard, 16-inch shingles should be 5 
shingles to 2 inches thickness at butt, with 1-18 inch 
points, and 18-inch shingles, 5 to 2*4 inches thickness at 
butt, and 1-18 at points, to be well manufactured and 
well pointed. 

No. XX 6-inch Clear Butts must be perfect for at 
least 6 inches from butts, and the defects from this here- 
on to be of water-tight character, and same regulation 
regarding thickness as XXX shingles. 

No. I to be of a grade not specially up to, so as to be 
considered in, either of above grades, and to be sold by 
special agreement. 

AllOther Shingles are Culls, and their value is to be 
a matter ot arrangement, if they have any market value. 

HARDWOOD LUMBER. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSPECTION. 

It is impossible to make rules that will govern every 
piece of lumber, there being no two pieces of lumber ex- 
actly alike- It is therefore expected that the Inspector 
shall be a person of experience, and use his best judg- 
ment, based upon the general rules given, making no 
allowance for the purpose of raising or lowering the 
grades of a piece. 

The Inspector must not favor either the buyer or seller, 
but take lumber as he finds it, and pass each piece into 
the grade to which it belongs. Inspectors should ex- 
amine all lumber on the poorest side, except flooring. 



TORONTO INSPECTION. 



All lumber must be measured in even lengths, excepting 
stock that is cut to order for special purposes, when it 
shall be measured for the full contents. Bark or waney 
pieces shall be measured inside the bark or wane. All 
tapering pieces will be measured one-third the length of 
the piece from the small end. 

All badly cut lumber shall be classed as Cull, or placed 
one grade below what it would be if properly manu- 
factured. All lumber shall be sawed thick enough to 
meet the required thickness when seasoned. Lumber 
sawed for Newels, Columns, Balusters, Axles, or other 
specific purposes, must be inspected with a view of the 
intended use of the piece, and the adaptability for that 
purpose, as in most cases it cannot be utilized for other 
purposes. Heart pieces are excluded from all grades 
above Cull. Worm holes are considered one of the most 
serious defects. Gum spots in Cherry is a defect, and, if 
excessive, will lower the piece one or two grades. 
Warped, twisted, stained and stick-rotten lumber shall 
either be classed as Cull, or Mill Cull and refuse. 

The standard lengths of Whitewood to be 12, 14 and 
16 feet, admitting 10 per cent of 10 feet lengths ; Walnut 
and Cherry, 10, 12,. 14 and 16 feet lengths, admitting 10 
per cent of 8 feet; 8 feet to be admitted as No. 1, must 
be 12 inches wide and upwards; to grade as No. 2, 8 
inches wide and upwards, 

A standard knot must not exceed 1*4 inches in dia- 
meter, and must be sound. Log Run shall be the un- 
picked run of the log, Mill Cull out. Lumber sold on 
grade, and without special contract, will be measured 
according to these rules. The Inspector will be required 
to keep a correct copy of all measurements, and give 
duplicate of same, to both buyer and seller, if required. 

In all grades mentioned as combined in No. 1 and No. 
2, all pieces less than 8 inches shall be considered as 
Seconds. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

Combined grade of Firsts and Seconds, Rejects and 
Shipping Culls. 

No. I, from 8 to 10 inches, shall be clear of all de- 
fects ; 10 to 16 inches wide may have IV2 inches bright 
sap, or one standard knot ; 16 inches wide and upwards 



74 TORONTO INSPECTION. 



may have 2 inches bright sap, or two standard knots 
showing on one side only. 

Seconds, 6 inches wide and upwards, must be clear of 
all defects at 7 inches; at lOinches will admit of V& inches 
sap, or two standard knots; 10 to 16 inches wide will 
admit of 2 inches sap, or two standard knots ; 1 6 inches 
wide and upwards may have 3 inches sap, or three stand- 
ard knots ; 12 inches wide and upwards will admit of a 
split, if straight, 1-6 the length of the piece, provided 
the piece be equal to No. 1 in other respects. Not over 
10 per cent of Seconds will be taken with splits of the 
above character. 

Rejects, 5 inches wide and upwards; at 7 inches may 
have 1 inch sap, or one standard knot; 7 to 12 inches 
wide may have 2 inches sap, or two sound knots ; 12 to 
18 inches wide may have 4 inches sap, or four sound 
knots ; above 18 inches may have 5 inches bright, sound 
sap. 

Shipping 1 Cull will include all lumber not equal to 
the above that will average and work two-thirds its 
width and length. 

CHERRY AND BUTTERNUT 

Will be graded and inspected according to the rules given 
for Black Walnut, with the exception of gum specks in 
Cherry. (See instructions.) 

WHITEWOOD, COTTONWOOD OR BALM OF GILEAD 

Will include the combined grade of First and Seconds — 
No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, or Shipping Cull. The 
combined grade of First and Seconds shall not be less 
than 65 per cent of No. 1 . 

No. I shall be 10 inches wide and upwards, and clear 
of all defects at 12 inches ; 12 to 15 inches may have IMj 
inches bright sap, or one standard knot showing on one 
side only; 15 to 18 inches may have 2 inches sap; 18 
inches and upwards may have 3 inches sap, or two stand- 
ard knots showing on one side only. 

Seconds, 8 inches wide and upwards, clear of all de- 
fects at 9 inches; at 10 inches wide, may have one stand- 
ard knot or a split not over 12 inches long; 15 to 18 
inches wide mav have two standard knots, or 3 inches 



TORONTO INSPECTION. 7J 



bright sap; IS to 22 inches may have three standard 
knots or 4 inches bright, sound sap. 

No. I Common shall be 6 inches wide and upwards, 
bright, sound and clear sap, not a defect in this grade; 8 
to 12 inches wide, may have three standard knots; 12 
to 16 inches wide, four standard knots; 16 to 24 inches, 
five standard knots, or may have straight heart cracks 
not showing over one-quarter the length of the piece, it 
it has no other defect excepting bright sap. 

No. 2, Common or Shipping Cull will include lum- 
ber with more defects than the No. 1 Common. Pieces 
will be received where two-thirds of the piece will be 
available for use for rough manufacturing purposes; 
stained sap or other defects will be received in this grade; 
dozed and rotten sap, and other lumber, than as above 
named, will be classed as Mill Cull or refuse, and have no 
standard value. 

BASSWOOD 

Shall be inspected the same way as Whitewood, Cotton- 
wood or Balm of Gilead , with the exception that Seconds 
will take lumber 6 inches wade and up. 

ASH AND OAK 

Shall be graded as Firsts and Seconds, and shall be 6 
inches and over in width. 

Boards or Flank 8 inches wide will admit of one 
standard knot or one defect; 10 inches and over wide 
will admit of two or more defects, according to the 
width of the piece; bright sap is not considered a defect. 

Culls include all width, lengths and sizes, except such 
stock as will not work one-half without waste. Other 
than the above are classed as Mill Culls, and have no 
value in this market. 

CHESTNUT 

Shall be 6 inches and over in width, and clear up to 8 
inches. Pieces 9 inches wide may have three standard 
knots; over 12 inches wide, 4 standard knots. Thisgrade 
must be absolutely free from worm or pin holes. Culls 
shall constitute all lumber below the above grade that 
will cut one-half without waste. 

SYCAMORE 

Shall be inspected the same way as Oak and Ash. 



76 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



HICKORY 

Shall be inspected the same as Oak and Ash. 

ROCK AND SOFT ELM 

Shall be 6 inches and up wide, and tip to 10 inches shall 
be perfect. Be\ T ond that width shall take the inspection 
given to Oak and Ash. 

HARD AND SOFT MAPLE 

Shall be inspected for Firsts and Seconds in the same 
manner as Oak and Ash. 

Clear Maple Flooring shall have at least one clear 
face, and two edges also clear. 

Common Maple Flooring shall be of the same gen- 
eral character as Clear; may have one or two small 
sound knots of not more than % of an inch in diameter, 
or a small wane on one edge, which will not injure it for 
working its full size without waste. 

BIRCH 

Shall have the same inspection as Hard and Soft Maple, 
with the exception that sap is considered a defect more 
than in Maple. 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD 
INSPECTION. 



Rules for the inspection of Hardwoods adopted by the 
New York Lumber Trade Association, April is, 1893. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

The question of determining the quality of lumber by- 
grading and inspection is so much a matter of judgment, 
that the Inspector must necessarily be guided in a meas- 
ure by his own discretion, governed by the following 
rules: 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 77 



In inspecting all lumber, both sides of the piece shall 
be taken into consideration in making the grade. 

In Firsts and Seconds, where the percentage of Firsts 
and Seconds is not agreed upon between buyer and seller, 
they shall contain not less than 60 per cent Firsts. 

A Standard Knot is not to exceed 1M inches in diam- 
eter, and must be sound. 

Larger and loose knots grade the piece of lumber 
lower, in accordance with the judgment of the Inspector. 

Splits are not to exceed 12 inches in length in Firsts, 
or one-sixth the length of the piece in Seconds, in the ag- 
gregate, and not more than 25 per cent of the whole in 
either quality may be so split 

Worm Holes not admitted in Firsts and Seconds, ex- 
cept as otherwise provided. 

Shakes and Heart Boards and Plank are not admit- 
ted in Firsts, Seconds, or Rejects. 

Warped, twisted, flooded, stained, and stick-rotted 
lumber is marketable only by special agreement. 

Tapering' lumber shall be measured one-third of its 
length from the narrow end, except as otherwise pro- 
vided. 

Thickness. — All lumber must be sawed square-edged 
and be full thickness when seasoned. 

All badly sawn, missawn and uneven lumber, shall be 
classed as culls, except when such will dress down the 
full length and width to the thickness below, in which 
case the piece shall be reduced one grade. 

I/Uttiber sawn for specific purposes and dimension 
stock, must conform to the requirements of size and 
quality, for the purposes intended, and be so inspected 
and measured. 

Mill Culls are not marketable, except by special 
arrangement. 

1/Og Run is understood to be the run of the un- 
picked logs, Mill Culls out. 

Standard I/engths are to be 12, 14, and 16 feet, 
admitting 10 per cent of 10 feet lengths. 

Standard lengths in Walnut and Cherry will admit 
5 per cent of 8 and 10 per cent of 10 feet lengths, 8 feet 
lengths 10 inches and wider to be clear and graded as 
Firsts, and 8 to 9 inches clear and graded as seconds. 



NKW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



Newels, from all kinds of timber, are to be cut out- 
side the heart to square 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 
inches when seasoned. 

Balusters. — To be cut exactly square, full size and 
clear, and to be 75 per cent 32 inches long; 25 per cent 
may be 28 inches long. 



In the following rules, all widths and lengths men- 
tioned shall be inclusive. 

ASH. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 15 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots; bright sap allowed 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit two standard knots; 15 inches and over wide will 
admit three standard knots. Heart or doted boards 
and plank will not be admitted in Firsts and Seconds. 

Rejects, 6 inches and over wide, shall include all 
lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, three-quarters 
of each piece being merchantable; 8 feet lengths, in- 
specting equal to Firsts and Seconds, shall grade as 
Rejects. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Re- 
jects one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. 

Strips 3 to 5 inches wide shall be clear, or clear one 
side. 

ASH SQUARES. 

4 in. x 4 in. to 12 in x 12 in. square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound 
and free from knots and checks, and of full size when 
seasoned. Splits to be measured off. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes 
and checks; 8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear; 10 
and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot; 14 and 16 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



feet lengths admit two standard knots. Bright sap ad- 
mitted. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of 
Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls- 



ARH, SECOND GROWTH. 

Sawed through and through, and rough edged, shall 
be measured inside the wane, and in the center of the 
piece. 

BASSWOOD. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit one standard knot; 15 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- 
mit one standard knot; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit 
two standard knots; 15 inches and over wide will admit 
three standard knots. Bright sap allowed. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

BEECH. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit one standard knot; 15 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots. Bright sap admitted. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- 
mit one standard knot; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit 
two standard knots; 15 inches and over wide will admit 
three standard knots. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade o1 
Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. 



80 NKW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



BIRCH. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches will admit 
one standard knot ; 15 inches and over vide will admit 
two standard knots, One-third bright sap on one side 
admitted in this grade. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- 
mit one standard knot; 1 1 to 14 inches wide will admit 
two standard knots; 15 inches and over wide will admit 
three standard knots. In Seconds, bright sap shall not 
be considered a defect. 

Rejects 5 inches wide shall be clear; 6 inches and 
over wide shall include all lumber not equal to the grade 
of Seconds, three-quarters of each piece being merchant- 
able. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
Rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. 

BIRCH SQUARES. 

4x4 to 10x10 in. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound, 
free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes 
and checks; 8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear; 10 
and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot; 14 and 
16 feet lengths admit two standard knots. 

Balusters or Joists un der 4x4 shall be clear, except 
bright sap no defect. 

BUTTERNUT. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will 
admit bright sap on one side not exceeding one inch in 
width, or one standard knot; 15 inches and over- wide 
will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding two 
inches in width, or two standard knots. 

Seconds arc be to G inches and over in width; 6 and 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 81 



7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 
mit two standard knots; 15 inches and over wide will 
admit three standard knots. In any widths not more 
than one-fifth of the surface shall be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

CHERRY. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will 
admit bright sap on one side, not exceeding one inch in 
width, or one standard knot; 15 inches and over wide 
will admit bright sap on one side, not exceeding two 
inches in width, or two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 
10 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 11 to 14 
inches wide will admit two standard knots; 15 inches 
and over wide will admit three standard knots. In any 
width not more than one-fifth the surface of one side 
shall be sappy. 

Gum spots shall be deemed a serious defect, and if ex- 
cessive, shall lower the piece one or two grades. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width; 4 and 
5 inches wide shall be clear, or clear one side; 6 inches 
and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to 
the grade of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being 
merchantable. Heart boards or plank not admitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

Strips 3 to 5 inches wide, 8 feet and over long shall 
be clear or clear faced. 

CHERRY SQUARES. 

4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 10 in. 
Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound 
and free from knots and checks, and full size when sea- 
soned. Splits to be measured off. 



82 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts and 
shakes; 8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear; 10 and 
12 feet lengths admit one standard knot and two inches 
of sap on two corners; 14 and 16 feet lengths will admit 
two standard knots and two inches of sap on two 
corners. 

Gum spots not admitted, except when very slight. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

CHESTNUT. 

Grades —Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 11 
inches wide shall be clear; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 16 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 11 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit two standard knots; 16 inches and over wide 
will admit three standard knots. 

Worm Holes in excess of the defects allowed for 
knots, and stained or discolored boards, not admitted. 

Rejects are to be 6 inches and over, and shall include 
all lumber not equal to grade of seconds, three-quarters 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

SQUARE CHESTNUT. 

4 in. x 4 in. and over square, 8, 10, 12.. 14 and 1 
feet long. 

Merchantable must be straight, sound, free from 
hearts and shakes; 8 and 10 feet lengths admit two 
staadard knots; 12, 14 and 16 feet lengths admit three 
standard knots. Must be free from wane, except that 
will admit one inch wane on one corner, one-fourth the 
length. 

Worm holes in excess of defects allowed for knots not 
admitted. 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



83 



Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of mer- 
chantable, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated are not marketable. 

COTTONWOOD. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 11 
inches wide shall be clear; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 16 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 1 1 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit two standard knots; 16 inches and over wide 
will admit three standard knots. Bright sap allowed. 

Rejects 5 inches wide shall be clear; 6 inches and 
over wide shall include all lumber not equal to the grade 
of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being merchant- 
able. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

ELM. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 11 
inches wide shall be clear; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 16 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 11 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit two standard knots; 16 inches and over wide 
will admit three standard knots. Bright sap allowed. 

Rejects 5 inches wide shall be clear; 6 inches and 
over wide shall include all lumber not equal to the grade 
of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being merchant- 
able. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
rejects, one-half of each piece be'.ng merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



84 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION, 



GUM. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Fiists are to be 8 inches and over in width. 8 to 11 
inches wide shall be clear; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit bright sap on one side not exceeding one inch in 
width, or one standard knot; 16 inches and over wide 
will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding two 
inches in width, or two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 11 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit two standard knots; 16 inches and over wide 
will admit three standard knots. In any widths not 
more than one-fifth the surface of one side shall be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed, as mill culls. 

GUM, QUARTERED. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Rejects. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 9 
inches wide shall be clear; 10 inches and over wide will 
admit one standard knot. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to i> 
inches wide will admit one standard knot; 10 inches 
and over wide w'll admit two standard knots. 

Sap and doted, or discolored wood, not admitted in 
firsts and seconds. 

Rejects shall be 6 inches and over wide, and shall be 
at least three-quarters merchantable. 

Culls not marketable. 

Strips shall be 3 to 5 inches wide, and shall be clear 
or clear one side. 

HICKORY. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 
inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 16 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be S inches and over in width; 8 to 
12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 



NEW YORK HARDWOOIX INSPECTION. 85 



inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 inches 
and over wide will admit three standard knots. Bright 
sap admitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

HICKORY, SECOND GROWTH. 

Sawed through and through and rough edged. Shall 
be measured inside the wane and in the center of the 
piece. 

MAPLE. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 11 
inches wide shall be clear; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 16 inches and over wide will 
admit two standard knots. Bright sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 11 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot; 12 to 15 inches wide will 
admit two standard knots; 16 inches and over wide 
will admit three standard knots. Bright sap allowed. 

Heart, or doted, boards and plank, will not be admit- 
ted in firsts and seconds. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

MAPLE SQUARES. 

4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 1 in. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound 
and free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes 
and checks; 8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear; 10 
and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot; 14 and 16 
feet lengths admit two standard knots. Bright sap 
admitted. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



86 NEW YORK HARDWOOD I NSPKCTION . 



OAK.— (plain.) 

Grades —Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot or equal defect; 15 inches and 
over wide will admit two standard knots or equal defect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will 
admit one standard knot or equal defect; 11 to 14 
inches wide will admit two standard knots or equal 
defect; 15 inches and over wide will admit three stand- 
ard knots or equal defect. Live sap admitted on one 
side, not to exceed one-fifth of the surface, if without 
other defects. A worm hole in plain oak shall be con- 
sidered a defect equal to a standard knot. 

Rejects are to be 5 inches and over in width; 5 inches 
wide shall be clear; 6 inches and over in width shall 
include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, 
three-quarters of each piece being merchantable. Heart 
boards and plank not admitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 
• Oak sawed through and through, not edged, shall be 
measured inside the wane, and tapering pieces are to be 
measured at the narrow end. 



OAK SQUARES. 

4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 10 in square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound 
and free from knots and checks, and of full size when 
seasoned. Splits to be measured off. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes, 
and checks; 8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear; 10 
and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot; 14 and 
16 feet lengths admit two standard knots. Bright sap 
admitted. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 87 



OAK, SHIPPING. 

Shipping grade of oak to be a grade of first and 
seconds. To run 10 inches and over wide; 12,14 and 
16 feet long. To be free from hearts, shakes, rotten or 
loose knots, bunch or slug worm holes. Square edge 
free from wane Scattering pin worm holes shall be 
admitted. Splits, not to exceed 12 inches in any piece, 
will be accepted in this grade. 

OAK, QUARTERED. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Rejects. 

Quartered Oak shall show some figure on one 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 8 
inches wide shall be clear; 9 inches and over in width 
will admit one standard knot, or equal defect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 
6 to 8 inches wide will admit one standard knot, 
or equal defect; 9 inches and over in width will 
admit two standard knots, or equal defects. A 
worm hole shall be considered a defect equal to a 
standard knot. . 

Rejects shall be 6 inches and over wide, three- 
quarters of each piece being merchantable. 

Strips, 3 to 5 inches wide, shall be clear, or clear one 
face If tapering, to be measured at narrow end. 
Parallel edge strips shall be measured in half-inch widths. 

P PLAR. — ( whitewood) . 
Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Sap Clear, Common and 

Firsts, 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, shall be 8 
inches and upward wide and clear up to 10 inches in 
width; 11 inches, 1 inch of bright sap will be allowed; 
12 13 14 and 15 inches wide, 2 inches of bright sap 
will be allowed, or 1 standard knot; 18 inches and over 
in width, 3 inches of bright sap on one edge will be 
allowed, or two standard knots. _ 

Seconds, 1 inch to 2 inches m thickness, shall be 8 
inches and upward in width, and at 8 and 9 inches wide 



88 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



will admit of 1 inch of bright sap, but no other defects; 
10 and 11 inches wide will admit of 2 inches of bright 
sap or one standard knot; 12, 13, 14 and 15 inches 
wide will admit of 3 inches of bright sap and one stand 
ard knot, or two standard knots if there is no sap; 16 
inches and over will admit of 5 inches of bright sap and 
1 standard knot; if there is no sap, then three standard 
knots will be admitted; 2V 2 inch and up, 1st and 2d pop- 
lar, shall be 10 iuches and over wide; %, %,%, % 1st and 
2d clear shall be 10 inches and over wide and contain 
not less than 75 per cent Ists. 

Sap Clear shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, 
and free from all defects except white sap. 

Common shall include any width not less than 5 
inches, and will allow bright sap or one-third discolored 
sap on one side. Two unsound knots will be allowed in 
this grade if over 12 inches wide, or one sound knot in 
excess of those allowed in seconds if without dis- 
colored sap, and straight splits not over one-third 
the length shall be admitted; otherwise lumber must 
be sound. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of com- 
mon, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other 
than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

POPLAR, QUARTERED. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds. 

Firsts, 6 to 8 inches wide, shall be clear; 9 inches 
and over will admit one standard knot or one inch of 
sap. 

Seconds, 5 inches shall be clear; 6 to 8 inches will 
admit one standard knot or one inch of sap; 9 inches 
and over will admit two standard knots or two inches 
oi sap. 

POPLAR (WHITEWOOD) SQUARES. 

4 in. x 4 in. to 12 in. x 12 in. square. 
Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound 
and free from knots and checks, sawed square, and full 
size when seasoned; 8 feet shall be admitted if clear. 
Splits to be measured off. 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes 
and bad checks; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit one 
standard knot or two inches of, sap on two cor- 
ners- 14 and 16 feet lengths admit two standard knots 
or two inches of sap on two corners. These defects 
are based on 6 x 6 joists, and bear the same ratio m 

0t Culls e include all joists not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

SYCAMORE. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. _ 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 
to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches 
wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceed- 
me one inch in width, or one standard knot; lb 
inches and over wide will admit bright sap on one 
side not exceeding two inches in width, or two 
standard knots. . , 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width, 6 and 
7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide wi 
admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will 
admit two standard knots; 16 inches and over wide 
will admit three standard knots. In any widths not 
more than one-fifth of the surface of one side may 

Menus' include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

SYCAMORE, QUARTERED. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Rejects. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over m width; b to 8 
inches wide shall be clear; 9 to 11 inches and over wide 
will admit one standard knot, or one inch bright sap; 12 
inches and over will admit two standard knots, or two 
inches of bright sap. . , _ <, 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over m width 6 to 8 
inches wide will admit one standard knot; 9 to U inches 
and over in width will admit two standard knots, 12 



90 XKW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



inches and over will admit three standard knots. In 
seconds, any width not over one-fifth of the surface may 
be sappy. 

Sap and doted, or discolored wood, not admitted in 
firsts and seconds. 

Rejects shall he 6 inches and over wide and shall be 
at least three-quarters merchantable. 

Culls are not marketable. 

Strips shall be 3 to 5 inches wide, and shall be clear 
or clear one face. 

WALNUT. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Rejects, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 10 
inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit 
bright sap on one side, not exceeding one inch in width, 
or one standard knot; 15 inches and over wide will 
admit bright sap on one side, not exceeding two inches 
in width, or two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 10 
inches wide will admit one standard knot or equal 
defect; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard 
knots or equal defect; 15 inches and over wide will 
admit three standard knots or equal defect. In any 
widths not more than one-fifth of the surface of one 
side shall be sappy. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width; 4 and 5 
inches wide shall be clear, or clear one side; 6 inches 
and over in width shall include all lumber not equal 
to the grade of seconds, three-quarters of each piece 
being merchantable. Heart boards or plank not ad- 
mitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of 
Rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. All 
other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

WALNUT SQUARES. 

4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 10 in. square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound 
and free from knots and checks, and full size when sea- 
soned. Splits to be measured off. 



NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 91 



Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts and 
shakes; 8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear; 10 to 
12 feet lengths admit one standard knot and two inches 
of sap on one corner; 14 to 16 feet lengths will admit 
two standard knots and three inches of sap on one 
corner. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of 
Seconds, one-half the piece being merchantable. Other 
than above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. 



NEW YORK LOG INSPEC- 
TION. 



Adopted as the Rules of the New York I/umber Trade 
Association, June 26, 1889, 



GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

To be fresh cut, and to grade Firsts, Seconds and Culls; 
are to be measured full at the smallest end, solid con- 
tents, if no other agreement is made between parties. 
Walnut and Cherry, solid contents to be measured inside 
sap; all others to be measured from bark to bark. 
Standard lengths to be 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, with not 
more than 20 per cent of 10 foot lengths. In Walnut, 8 
foot lengths may be standard under the rules of Walnut 
inspection. A standard knot is not to exceed 3 inches in 
diameter. Rotten and wormy logs are classed as Culls. 

OAK AND ASH. 

To be 18 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts are to be 24 inches and over in diameter, 
sound, clear and straight. One straight split admitted 
in one end. 

Seconds, from 18 to and including 23 inches in diam- 
eter, to be sound, clear and straight; 24 inches and over 
in diameter may have straight splits on one or both ends 
not to exceed more than one-sixth the length of the log, 
or one straight split and one standard, sound knot, or 
two standard, sound knots -without splits. 



NEW YORK LOG INSPECTION. 



Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and 
Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without 
waste. 

POPLAR. 

To be 24 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts are to be 30 inches and over in diameter, sound, 
clear and straight. One straight split admitted. 

Seconds, from 24 to and including 29 inches in diam- 
eter, to be sound, clear and straight; 30 inches and over 
in diameter may have one standard, sound knot, or 
straight splits not to exceed more than one-sixth the 
length of the log. 

Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and 
Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without 
waste. 

CHERRY. 

To be 16 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts are to be 18 inches and over in diameter, sound, 
clear and straight. 

Seconds, 16 and 17 inches in diameter, to be sound, 
clear and straight; 18 inches and over in diameter may 
have straight splits on one or both ends not to exceed 
more than one-sixth the length of the log, or two stand- 
ard, sound knots, or hollow not more than 6 inches in 
diameter nor more than 2 feet deep. Not more than two 
of these defects received in this grade. 

Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and 
Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without 
waste. 

Logs 30 to 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten 
heart not exceeding 9 inches in diameter, and those over 
36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart not exceed- 
ing 12 inches in diameter, if otherwise equal to Firsts, 
will be classed in that grade. 

The question of gum is left to the judgment of the In- 
spector as to classification. 

MAPLE, BIRCH. BEECH. 

15 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts are to be 20 inches and over in diameter, sound, 
clear and straight. 



NEW YORK LOG INSPECTION. 93 



Seconds, 15 to and including 19 inches in diameter, 
to be sound, clear and straight ; 20 inches and over may 
have straight splits on one or both ends not equal to 
more than one-sixth the length of the log, or two stand- 
ard, sound knots. 

Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and 
Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without 
waste. 

WALNUT. 

Round and Shipping, 16 inches and over in diameter. 
Shipping logs ai-e to be dressed to lines on lour sides 
straight, with rounded corners 

Firsts are to be 22 inches and over in diameter, sound, 
clear and straight, and will include 10 per cent of 8 foot 
lengths. 

Seconds, 16 to and including 19 inches in diameter, will 
be sound and straight, one standard, sound knot admitted ; 
20 inches and over in diameter will admit straight splits 
not more than one-sixth the length of the log, two 
sound, standard knots, or one sound and one unsound 
standard knot, and sound sided hollow not more than 6 
inches in diameter nor more than 2 feet deep. Not more 
than two of these defects received in this grade. 

Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and 
Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without 
waste. 

Logs 30 to 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten 
heart not exceeding 9 inches in diameter, and those over 
36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart not ex- 
ceeding 12 inches in diameter, if otherwise equal to 
Firsts, will be classed in that grade. Logs of this char- 
acter not admitted in shipping grade. 

SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. 

The following resolution was adopted at a meeting of 
the association held June 26, 1 889 : 

Resolved, That shipping logs of Poplar, Oak, Ash, Ma- 
ple and Birch, consisting of 90 per cent Firsts and 10 
per cent Seconds, and Walnut and Cherry, consisting of 
80 per cent Firsts and 20 per cent Seconds, shall be 
classed as "Prime." 

And Poplar, Oak, Ash, Maple and Birch, consisting of 



94 YELLOW PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. 



65 per cent Firsts and 35 per cent Seconds, and Walnut 
and Cherry, consisting of 50 per cent Firsts and 50 per 
cent Seconds, shall be classed as "Good." 

Certificates of inspection under this resolution will be 
signed by the Inspector, and when desired the secretary 
of the association shall certify that the Inspector is a li- 
censed Inspector, and shall sign and attach to such cer- 
tificate the seal of the association. 



YELLOW PINE LUMBER 
INSPECTION. 



Classification of the Southern dumber & Timber Asso- 
ciation, Adopted at Savannah, Ga., Feb. 14, 1883. 
Customary in New York. 



Scantling shall embrace all sizes irom2 to 5 inches in 
thickness and 2 to 6 inches in width. For example, 2x2, 
2x3, 2x4, 2x5, 2x6, 3x3, 3x4, 3x5, 3x6, 4x4, 4x5, 4x6, 
5x5 and 5x6. 

Plank shall embrace all sizes from iy 2 to 5 inches in 
thickness by 7 inches and up in width; IV2, 2, 2V2, 3, 3%, 
4, 4V2, 5x7 and up wide. 

Dimension Sizes shall embrace all sizes 6 inches and 
up in thickness by 7 inches and up in width, including 
6x6. For example", 6x6, 6x7, 7x7, 7x8, 8x8, 8x9 and up. 

Stepping shall embrace 1 to 21/2 inches in thickness 
by 7 inches and up in width. For example, 1, IVi, 1%, 
2, 2*2x7 and up wide. 

Rough. Edge or Flitch shall embrace all sizes 1 inch 
and up in thickness by 8 inches and up in width, sawed 
on two sides only. For example, 1, IY2, 2, 3, 4 and up 
thick bv 8 and up wide, sawed on two sides only. 

SQUARE-EDGED INSPECTION. 

Scantling shall be free from injurious shakes, un- 
sound knots or knots to impair strength; sap no objec- 
tion. 



YELLOW PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. ^5 



Plank shall be free from unsound knots, wane, through 
or round shakes ; sap no objection. 

Dimension Si^es; sap no objection; no wane 
edges ; no shakes to show on outside of stick. 

All stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to 
sizes and saw butted. 

MERCHANTABLE INSPECTION. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart free from in- 
jurious shakes or unsound knots. 

Plank, 9 inches and under wide, shall show one heart 
face and two-thirds heart on opposite side ; over 9 inches 
wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, all free 
from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. 

Dimension Sifces. — All squarelumber shall show two- 
thirds heart on two sides, and not less than one-hall 
heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show two- 
thirds heart on faces and show heart two-thirds of the 
length on edges, excepting where the width exceeds the 
thickness by 3 inches or over, then it shall show heart on 
the edges for one-half its length. 

Stepping 1 shall show three corners heart, free from 
shakes and all knots exceeding half an inch in diameter 
and not more than six in a board. 

Rough Edge or Flitch shall be sawed from good 
heart timber, and shall be measured in the middle on 
the narrow face, free from injurious shakes or unsound 
knots. 

All stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to size 
and saw butted. 

PRIME INSPECTION. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart, and not to 
exceed one inch of sap on fourth corner, measured diag- 
onally, free from heart, shakes, large or unsound knots. 

Plank shall show one entire heart face on opposite face, 
not exceeding one-sixth its width of sap on each corner, 
free from unsound knots, through or round shakes ; sap 
to be measured on face. 

Dimension Sifces.— On all square sizes the sap on 
each corner shall not exceed one-sixth the width of the 
face. When the width does not exceed the thickness by 
3 inches, to show half heart on narrow faces, the entire 



NEW YORK FLOORING INSPECTION. 



length exceeding 3 inches, to show heart on narrow 
faces the entire length; sap on wide faces to be measured 
as on square sizes. 

Rough Edge or Flitch shall be measured in the 
middle or narrow face inside of sap, free from shakes or 
unsound knots. 

CLEAR INSPECTION. 

Scantling and Plank shall be free of sap, large knots 
or other defects 

Dimension Si^es shall be free from sap, large or un- 
sound knots, shakes, through or round. 

DESIGNATIONS OF THE TRADE. 

Resawed I/umber — Lumber sawn on four sides. 
Rough Edge or Flitch— Lumber sawn on two sides. 
Timber— Hewn onlv. 



NEW YORK FLOORING 
INSPECTION. 



The Following Rules, Governing the Inspection of Floor- 
ing, are Taken from the Maritime Exchange Rults, 
Adopted May 14, 1884. 



MERCHANTABLE ELOORING. 

One inch and 1*4 inches in thickness, and from 3 to 6 
inches in width, and shall show one face free from sap 
and two-thirds heart the entire length on the opposite 
face. 

Shall be free from rot, split, shakes and unsound knots; 
sound knots to be allowed as follows, viz. : Two knots 
in boards under 16 feet long; three knots in boards 16 
feet long and over, of not over 1 inch in diameter, or six 
knots if not over half an inch in diameter. 

MERCHANTABLE FLOORING PLANK. 

IV2 to 3 inches in thickness, and 5 to 10 inches in 



NEW YORK FLOORING INSPECTION. 



97 



width, shall show one face free from sap, except on each 
edge of the face; one half inch of sap shall be allowed 
and two-thirds heart on opposite face. Free from rot, 
split, shakes, unsound knots, and knots exceeding 1*4 
inches in diameter. 

MERCHANTABLE WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 

1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in 
width, shall show one face free from sap and two-thirds 
heart entire length on opposite face. Free from rot, 
through shakes, splits and unsound knots. Six sound 
knots of 1 inch and under in diameter, or three of \y% 
inches in diameter, to be allowed in any piece. 

PRIME WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 

1 to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in 
width, shall show one face and one edge free from sap, 
and two-thirds heart on the other face the entire length. 
Free from rot, shakes, splits and knots. 

MERCHANTABLE SIDINGS. 

1 inch, 1*4 inches and IV2 inches in thickness and 4 
inches and over in width. Sap shall be allowed on the 
face, or best side (regardless of sap on the opposite face), 
as follows: One-half inch on one edge on boards 7 inches 
and under in width, and one-half inch on each edge of 
boards over 7 inches wide. Must be free from through 
shakes, rot, splits and unsound knots, and on the face 
side the following allowance for knots shall be made, 
viz.: Three sound knots not exceeding 1 inch in diameter 
in boards under 14 leet long; four sound knots no' ex- 
ceeding 1 inch in diameter in boards 14 feet long and 
over, or six sound knots not exceeding one-halt inch in 
diameter in boards of any length. 



98 NEW YORK CYPRESS INSPECTION RUEES. 



CYPRESS INSPECTION 
RULES. 



LUMBER. 



Allolumber shall be 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 feet in 
length (except Tank Stock), 1, 1%, iy 2 , 2, 2V 2 , 3, 3y 2 and 
4 inches thick, and be classed as Tank Stock, First and 
Second Clear, Select, Shop, and Merchantable. 

Tank Stock shall be 5 inches and over in width, 1% 
to 3 inches thick, and 8 feet and over long. It may have 
sap 1 inch wide on one side, to extend not over one half 
the length and half the thickness of the piece, and sound 
knots that do not impair its usefulness for tank pur- 
poses. 

Firsts and Seconds Clear shall be 8 inches and 
over in width, and clear up to 9 inches. Pieces 10 to 12 
inches wide may have two sound standard knots of 1*4 
inches in diameter and 3 inches of sound bright sap, and 
for every 3 inches in width over 12 inches an additional 
standard knot and an additional inch of sound bright 
sap. Pieces wider than 10 inches may be half sound 
bright sap if free from other defects. 

Selects shall be 7 inches and over in width, will 
admit two standard knots of l 1 /^ inches in diameter in 
pieces 10 inches or under in width, and an additional 
standard knot for every 2 inches in width above 10 
inches. Sound sap not to be considered a defect. 

Above grades must be free of shake and peck. 

Shop to be 7 inches or over in width, and includes all 
lumber that will not go into above grades, but that will 
cut for shop use so as to work three-fourths without 
waste. 

Merchantable or Common may be any width, 
admitting sap, knots and shakes, or peck when the 
strength is not impaired. 



NEW YORK CYPRESS INSPECTION RUEES. 99 



DRESSED LUMBER. 

All stock, after being worked, shall be divided intohve 
classes: " Clear Heart," " A," " B," " C," and " D," and 
the several grades shall be defined as follows: 

Which shall be in lengths 10 to 20 feet. 

Clear Heart must be clear of all sap or knots, and 
without blemish. 

A must have heart face, but may have 1 inch of sap on 
thin edge, and may contain one small knot, and may 
have bright sap one-fourth its width for 6 inches from 
one end, or a check in one end, and not exceeding 6 
inches in length. 

B maj' have one-third of face bright sap, if otherwise 
clear, or, in lieu of one-third sap, can contain two small 
sound knots, and may have checks at one end over 9 
inches long. 

C maybe all bright sap, or may have one to five knots, 
the whole not aggregating over 3 inches, or knots or 
other defects that can be removed in two cuts, with 
waste not exceeding 12 inches in length, or three pin- 
worm holes, and may have check or split at one end not 
exceeding 12 inches in length. 

D may have stain sap; also pin-worm holes, unsound 
knots, shake, split, or other defects that will not impair 
its usefulness to exceed one-third. 

SHINGLES. 

Bests.— A dimension shingle; each width separately 
bunched; 16 inches long; five butts to measure 2 inches; 
all heart; free of shakes, knots, and other defects. 

Primes. — A dimension shingle; each width separately 
bunched; 16 inches long; five butts to measure 2 inches; 
admitting tight knots and sap; free of shakes and other 
defects. 

Extra xAx. — A random width shingle, 3 inches and 
over in width, and may admit shingles 14 inches long. 
Free from unsound knots and shakes 10 inches from 
butt. 

Clippers. — A random width shingle, not gOod enough 
to be included in above grades. 

All sales are made in accordance with above rules. 



100 MASSACHUSETTS STATE EAW. 

MASSACHUSETTS STATE 
LAW. 



CHAPTER 63. 



Relating to the Survey and Sale of lumber, Ornamental 
Wood and Ship Timber. 



Section 1 . There shall be a surveyor-general of lum- 
ber appointed by the governor, with the advice and con- 
sent of the council, for a district to consist of the county 
of Suffolk, the cities of Cambridge, Somerville and 
Quincy and the towns of Medford, Brookline and Water- 
town. The said surveyor-general shall reside in said 
district, shall keep an office in Boston conveniently 
located and accessible to the public, shall be sworn, and 
shall give bond with sufficient sureties to the treasurer 
of the common wealth in the sum of two thousand dol- 
lars for the faithful discharge of his duty, and, unless 
sooner removed, shall hold his office for three years and 
until a successor is appointed and qualified. 

Sec. 2. He shall appoint a sufficient number of com- 
petent and discreet deputy-surveyors, removable at his 
pleasure, and for whom he shall be responsible; they 
shall be citizens of the counties within which the cities 
and towns conprising said district are situated, and 
shall be sworn and give bond to him for the faithful dis- 
charge of their duties; he shall appoint one or more of 
them to survey oak and other wood commonly used in 
ship building, and one or more to survey mahogany, cedar 
and other ornamental wood and lumber; no surveyor- 
general or deputy shall survey any lumber in which he 
has a pecuniary interest, directly or indirectly, nor for 
any person or persons by whom he is employed on a 
salary or for a per diem allowance; the deputj'-surveyors 
shall be governed by the provisions of this chapter, under 
the instructions of the surveyor-general, in determining 
the quality and quantity of all lumber surveyed by them; 
ascertain the true contents of each piece of lumber, log 
or stick, and mark the same or its equivalent in a legible 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE UW. 101 



character thereon; keep a true piece tally of the same iu 
a plain and legible account, and make return thereof 
to the surveyor-general upon a form prescribed by him. 
Bach deputy-surveyor shall keep on file for reference and 
examination all tallies made by him, for the period ol 
one year from the date of making the same. 

Sec. 3. All applications for surveys shall be made to 
the surveyor-general, and all surveys made by his depu- 
ties and the order of their services, in rotation and 
otherwise, shall be under his direction; all lumber brough t 
into said district for sale, a survey or measurement of 
which is required by either seller or purchaser, shall be 
surveyed or measured by him or his deputies; and he 
shall enforce all the provisions of this chapter. 

Sec. 4. He shall keep a record of all lumber surveyed 
by himself or his deputies, and of the amount of fees 
received by each deputy, and as often as once in each 
month he shall be entitled to ten per cent of such fees. 
Such record shall be at all times open to inspection by 
the members of the city councils, and by the selectmen 
of the several cities and towns in said district. Grades 
of lumber recognized in trade and not defined in this 
chapter may, when application therefor is presented in 
writing to the surveyor-general, be established and de- 
fined by him, and the fees for the survey thereof shall be 
same as those for surveying lumber of grades similar 
thereto. 

Sec. 5. He shall annually on or before the fifteenth 
day of January, make to the secretary of the Common- 
wealth a return, specifying the various kinds and quan- 
tities of lumber surveyed in said district during the year 
ending on the thirty-first day of the preceding month, 
the person by whom it -was surveyed, and the amount 
of fees received by him and his deputies. 

Sec. 6. Except in the aforesaid district, towns and 
the city councils of cities shall annually elect one or more 
surveyors of lumber, who shall be sworn to the faithful 
discharge of their duties, and cities may from time to 
time establish ordinances with suitable penalties respect- 
ing the appointment of such surveyors. 

Sec. 7. Surveyors of lumber in cities and towns, 
when requested so to do by either the purchaser or sel- 



102 MASSACHUSETTS STATE WW. 



ler, shall survey oak and other hard wood commonly 
used in ship-building, mahogany, ash, and other orna- 
mental wood, and all other lumber brought for sale into 
or manufactured in this commonwealth. But no such 
surveyor shall survey lumber in which he has a pecuniary 
interest. 

[Sections 8 to 15 inclusive — containing Official Defini- 
tion and Classification of Inspection with Rules of 
Measurements.] 

CLASSIFICATION AND GRADES. 
Rules as for the inspection of lumber as prepared by 
Surveyor-General Wiggin in accordance with Sec. 4 of 
the Massachusetts state law. 

WESTERN PINE. 

Western pine boards and plank will be inspected as 
First, Second and Third clear, or Uppers, Selects, Fine 
Common, No. 1 and No. 2 Cutups, Common, Wide Com- 
mon and Culls. 

All boards and plank above the grade of Culls shall be 
well manufactured, parallel in width (if tapering to be 
measured at the narrow end). All boards 1 inch and 
under thick, shall be measured face measure. All lumber 
in grade above Common shall be thick enough to plane, 
as follows: 1 inch to plane two sides to % inch; IV4 
inch to plane two sides to li/sirich; iy 2 inch to plane two 
sides to 1% inch; 2 inch to plane two sides to 1% inch. 
All lumber in grade of Common should be the same 
thickness, but if thick enough to plane one side the 
thickness above specified, will not be reduced in grade. 
All lumber sawed scant in thickness shall be reduced to 
the next standard thickness, except inch, which t>hall be 
graded as Culls unless otherwise specified. Culls, if 
tapering, shall be measured in the middle of the piece, 
giving full contents. Western Pine lumber shall be so 
specified on inspection statement. 

A sap defect shall be equal to 1 inch in width the entire 
length of piece on one side. In selects and upper grades, 
white sap is the defect admitted, and in Fine Common 
and under grades, discolored sap is admitted. 

A knot defect shall be equal to a sound knot %-inch in 
diameter. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 103 



A split defect shall be equal to a straight split two 
feet in length and parallel with the edge of the board. 

A shake defect shall be equal to one square foot of sur- 
face, and not over four feet in length. 

First Clear shall be not less than 12 feet long, 12 
inches wide, of soft white pine, and free of defects, at 18 
inches wide and up, two white sap defects may be ad- 
mitted on one side 

Second Clear shall be not less than 12 feet long, 10 
inches wide and free of defects, at 12 inches wide one 
white sap or one knot defect, and at 18 inches and up 
wide, three white sap or three knot defects may be ad- 
mitted on one side. 

Third Clear shall be not less than 12 feet long, 8 
inches wide and free of defects, at 12 inches wide two 
white sap or two knot defects, and at 18 inches and up 
wide, four white sap or four knot defects may be ad- 
mitted on one side. 

Lumber that will grade as Uppers at 12 inches wide 
with one split defect, or at 18 inches wide with two split 
defects, shall be reduced to selects; with more split de- 
fects, to Fine Common. 

Selects shall be 12 feet long (except that 10 per cent 
of 10 feet lengths may be allowed) 7 inches and up wide. 
White sap on outside shall not exceed two-th ; rds the 
width of piece. At 12 inches wide two white sap. one 
knot or one split defect maybe admitted on face side but 
white sap shall not cover over two thirds of sap side. 
At 18 inches and up wide, four white sap, three knot, or 
one knot, with two split defects may be admitted on 
face side, and white sap not to exceed one-third of sap 
side. No shakes admitted in this or upper grades. 

Fine Common shall be 12 feet long (10 per cent of 
10 feet lengths allowed), 7 inches and up wide, white sap 
defects may be allowed equal to two-thirds of face on 
sap side, and one-third on face side, at 12 inches wide, 
white sap one-third of face side, and three knot or 
two split defects, at 18 inches wide and over, sap one- 
third of face and five knot or three split defects. A slight 
shake admitted in this grade. 

No. I Cut-Up shall be 8 feet and up long, 7 in chef 
and up wide. This grade shall include all lumber where 



104 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 



two-thirds of the same equal to the upper grades can be 
obtained by cutting, the shortest piece to be not less 
than 3 feet long. 

No. 2, Cut Up shall be 8 feet long and 6 inches wide 
and the same as No. 1 Cut Up with the exception that the 
lumber obtained shall be equal to one-half of the piece, 
the shortest cut to be 2 feet long. 

The standard length that admits knot defects in Sec- 
ond and Third Clear, Selects, Fine Common and Cut Ups 
is 16 feet. 

Common shall be 12 feet long (10 per cent of 10 feet 
lengths allowed), 7 inches and up wide, and include all 
boards and plank that are well manufactured, of full 
thickness, sound character and that contain small tight 
knots that will not prevent the whole piece being used for 
ordinary shelving or good ma tching work without waste. 

Wide Common or Coffin Boards shall include all 
boards of the above quality 14 feet and up long, and 14 
inches and up wide. 

Culls shall include all boards and plank 8 feet and up 
long, 4 inches and up wide not up to the standard of 
Common, when not less than two-thirds of the piece (as 
a whole) can be used for coarse matching purposes; or 
the whole piece having good edges with narrow rot 
streaks and other defects that will not prevent it being 
used for coarse boxing purposes. 

All boards not up to this standard shall be graded as 
Mill Culls. 

EASTERN PINE INSPECTION. 

Eastern pine boards and plank shall be inspected as 
No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, Clear 5, No. 5, Refuse and 
Outs. 

No. I, the same as First Clear, Western Pine inspec- 
tion. 

No. 2, the same as Second Clear, Western Pine inspec- 
tion. 

No. 3, the same as Third Clear, Western Pine inspec- 
tion. 

No. 4 shall include all lumber practically free from 
rot, shakes, discolored sap and bad knots that is suitable 
for outside finish; small sound red knots admitted in this 
grade. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 105 



Clear 5, shall include bright sap lumber not up to the 
standard of No. 3, nearly free from knots on face side 
A small amount of discolored sap will be admitted on 
sap side, and only a slight shake. 

No. 5 or Coarse 5, shall include all lumber of full 
thickness, sound character, and may contain sound red 
knots. The whole piece must be suitable for ordinary 
shelving or matching purposes, with less than one-third 
waste, a slight shake admitted in this grade. 

Boards 8 inch and up wide, 12 feet and up long, ofthis 
quality are denominated Boston Shippers. 

A grade coarser than the above, admitting larger and 
branch knots, but of sound character and generally 
watertight, are denominated West India Shippers. 

Only a slight stain, shake or split admitted in the 
grade of shippers. 

Refuse shall include all boards not less than 10 feet 
and up long, 6 inches and up wide, not up to the stand- 
ard of No. 5, of generally sound character. Defects ad- 
mitted that will not prevent its use for matching, boxing 
or similar coarse purposes. 

Outs shall include all Eastern and Norway pine lum- 
ber, containing rot, bad sap, shakes, worm holes, wane, 
splits, and other defects, which can be used without more 
than one-half waste for coarse ordinary purposes; also 
short and narrow pieces of equal quality to Refuse. 

Poor Outs, all lumber not up to the standard of 
Outs, and practically worthless. 

NORWAY PINE. 

Norway Pine shall be graded the same as white pine, 
but shall be specified as Norway on inspection state- 
ment. 

BOX BOARDS. 

Waney- Edged box boards, Pine, Bass, Poplar and 
Spruce, shall be inspected as good and Culls. 

Good shall include all sound lumber so free from black, 
mouldy, or rotten sap, rot, wormholcs and bad shakes, 
that not less than two-thirds of entire piece (as a whole) 
can be used without waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not good enough for the 
above grade. 



100 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 



SPRUCE FLOORING. 

Spruce Floor Boards shall be inspected as First 
Clear, Second Clear, Merchantable and Culls. All boards 
shall be well manufactured, square-edged and square- 
butted, and thick enough to plane one side seven-eighths 
of an inch. All boards not up to the required thickness 
shall be graded as Culls 

The knot defects hereinafter described shall be those 
allowed in a clear board 16 feet long, 6 inches wide. 
Knot defects in all other widths and lengths shall be in 
the same proportion. 

All boards First and Second Clear that taper shall be 
measured at the narrow end. 

All coarse boards that taper 1 inch and over shall be 
measured one-third the distance from the narrow end. 

All coarse boards that taper less than 1 inch shall be 
measured in the middle. 

White sap is no defect. 

First Clear shall be not less than 10 feet long and 4 
inches wide; in a standard board defects on the face side 
may be admitted equal to four sound pencil knots, and 
on sap side equal to one-half of light blue sap. No wane 
will be allowed that will not dress off. 

Second Clear shall be not less than 10 feet long or 3 
inches wide (except that 10 per cent of 8 feet lengths may 
be allowed). In a standard board, defects on the face 
side may be admitted equal to six sound knots one-half 
inch in diameter, or if clear of knots, 1 inch in width of 
sap the entire length of board. Light blue sap may cover 
the whole of the sap side. Wane shall not be ad- 
mitted on either edge of sap side over one-half inch in 
width. 

Merchantable shall not be less than 10 feet long or 
5 inches wide, of sound character and free of defects that 
will not prevent two-thirds of the piece being used for 
ordinary work without waste. 

Shippers shall include all boards of the above quality 
12 feet and up long, 8 inches and up wide. 

Culls shall be not less than 6 feet long and 3 inches 
wide, and include all boards not up to the standard of 
common. All Culls should work one-half their size with- 
out waste for coarse work to be marketable. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAV*. 107 



SPRUCE BOARDS AND HEMLOCK BOARDS AND PLANK. 

Spruce boards and Hemlock boards and plank shall 
be inspected as No. 1,2 and Culls. All lumber shall be 
well manufactured, square edge and square butted. 
The boards must be thick enough to plane one side % 
inch, and plank to plane one side 1% inch. All scant 
sawed plank shall be measured as 1 % inch, and all scant 
sawed boards shall be graded as Culls. 

All boards or plank that taper less than 1 inch sha'l lie 
measured in the middle. 

All boards and plank that taper 1 inch and |over shall 
be measured one-third the distance from the narrow end. 

No. I shall include all lumber 10 feet and up long, 7 
inches and up wide, that can be used without waste for 
first-class building purposes. 

No. 2, shall include all other lumber 10 feet and up 
long, 6 inches and up wide (except that 10 per cent, of 8 
feet lengths may be allowed), of which not less than two- 
thirds of entire length of piece can be used without 
waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to standard of 
No. 2. 

PINE, SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK DIMENSION. 

Pine, Spruce and Hemlock dimension, joist, plank and 
timber shall be inspected as No. 1, No. 2 and Culls. 

All lumber shall be well manufactured, square-edged, 
square-butted, parallel width, and full to sizes. 

No. I and No. a joists shall be 9 feet and up long, 
standard sizes, 2x3, 2x4 and 3x4; special sizes, 2x2, 3x3, 
and so forth. 

No. i and No. 2, plank shall be 10 feet and up long, 
5 inches and up wide, 1, 1% and 2 inches thick. All 
other sizes 3 inches and up thick shall be 12 feet and up 
long. 

All plank that taper less than 1 inch shall be measured 
at the narrow end. All plank that taper 1 inch and over 
shall be measured in the middle and graded as Culls. 
All badly missawed lumber shall be graded as Culls. 
All plank and lumber over *4 inch less than intended 
size shall be measured the next standard size it will 
work. 



108 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 

No, I shall include all dimension lumber of sound char- 
acter, and free of all defects that render it unfit for first- 
class building purposes without waste. 

No. 2, shall include all other dimension lumber in which 
not less than two-thirds of the entire length can be used 
for first-class building purposes without waste, or the 
entire piece be used for ordinary purposes without waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2. 

SOUTHERN PINE. 

Shall be classified as flooring, stepping, wide boards, 
plank, scantling and dimension. 

All lumber shall be well manufactured, sawed full to 
thickness and width, square butted and graded as No 1, 
No. 2 and Culls. 

All 1 inch flooring and stepping shall be thick enough 
to plane one side % inch, \li inch to plane one side lVs 
inches, IV2 inch to plane one side 1% inches, and 2 inch 
to plane one side 1% inches. 

All 3, 4, 5 and 6 inch flooring shall be reduced to the 
next width in inches when less than Vg inch narrower 
than intended width. 

All boards or plank not up to the required thickness 
intended shall be reduced to the next standard thickness, 
except 1 inch, which if scant, shall be graded as Culls. 

FLOORING. 

Shall be classed as rift, heart, and heart face, .and be 12 
feet and up long, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches wide, 1 and IV4 
inches thick. 

A sap defect shall be equal to one-sixth of the width the 
entire length of the piece on one side. 

RIFT FLOORING. 

No. 1 shall have one heart face free of all defects, and 
show rift grain the entire length of piece, but may have 
one sap defect on sap side. 

No. 2 shall include all boards that contain defects, 
either small pitch streaks, sap or knots on the face side, 
that will not prevent three-fourths of the entire piece 
being used as a whole for No. 1 purposes. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 109 



HEART FLOORING. 

No. I shall have one heart face the entire length of 
piece, free of defects, but may have one sap defect on sap 
side. 

No. 2, shail include all boards that contain defects, 
either small pitch streaks, sap, or knots on the face side, 
that will not prevent two-thirds of the entire piece (as a 
whole) being used for No. 1 purposes. 

HEART FACE FLOORING. 

No. I shall have one face free of defects, except sap 
that will work out in dressing. Sound sap on the sap 
side is no defect. 

No. 2 shall include all boards that contain defects, 
either pitch streak, sap or knots, on the face side, that 
will not prevent two-thirds of the entire piece (as a 
whole) being used for No. 1 purpose. 

Culls shall include all boards not up to the standard 
of No. 2 heart face. 

STEPPING. 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, 8 inches and up wide, and 
1, 114, IV2 and 2 inches thick. 

No. 1 shall show three corners heart, and one face free 
of defects. 

No. 2 shall include all boards that contain defects, 
either pitch streak, sap or knots, on the face side, that 
will not prevent two-thirds of the entire piece (as a 
whole) being used for No. 1 purpose. 

Culls shall include all boards, not up to the standard 
of Ho. 2, that cannot be graded as No. 1 and No. 2 wide 
boards, and all plank that cannot be graded as No. 1 
,and No. 2 plank. 

WIDE BOARDS. 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, 7 inches and up wide, and 
1 and l!/4 inches thick. 

No. 1 shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart 
on opposite side free from shakes and large or unsound 
knots. 

No 2 shall include all boards that contain defects that 
will not prevent two-thirds of the entire piece (as a 
whole) being used for No. 1 purpose. 



110 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 

Culls shall include all boards not up to the standard 
of No. 2. 

PLANK. 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, 7 inches and up wide, and 
1%, 2, 2M, 3, 31/2, 4, 4V 2 and 5 inches thick. 

No. 1 shall show one entire heart face. On opposite 
face not exceeding one-sixth its width of sap on each 
corner, free from unsound knots, and through or injurious 
shakes, sap to be measured on face. 

No. 2 shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart 
on opposite side, free from unsound knots, wane and 
through or injurious shakes. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2. 

SCANTLING. 

Shall be 12 feet and up long of the following dimen- 
sions: 2x3, 4, 5 and 6; 3x3, 4 and 6; 4x4, 5, 6, 7 and 8; 
5x5, 6, 7 and 8. 

No. I shall show three corners heart and not to ex- 
ceed 1 inch of sap on fourth corner, measured diagonally, 
free from injurious shakes, large or unsound knots. 

No. 2 shall show three corners heart, free from injur- 
ious shakes, or unsound knots to impair its strength. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2. 

DIMENSION. 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, and include all sizes 6 
inches and up in thickness, 9 and up in width, and 6x6, 
6x7,6x8,7x7, 7x8,8x8. 

No. 1 or Prime on all square sizes the sap on each 
corner shall not exceed one-sixth the width of the face. 
When the width does not exceed the thickness by 3 
inches, to show half heart on narrow faces the entire 
length; exceeding three inches, to show heart on narrow 
faces the entire length; sap on wide faces to be measured 
as on square sizes. 

No. 2 or Merchantable all square lumber shall 
show two-thirds heart on all sides; other sides shall be 
two-thirds heart on faces, and show heart entire length 
on edges, excepting where the width exceeds the thick- 
ness by 3 inches or over, then it shall show heart on 
edges for two-thirds the length. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE WW. HI 



Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2. n . ' . 

Special thicknesses and widths m flooring and stepping, 
and special sizes in scantling, plank and dimension, and 
schedule orders shall be graded under the same inspec- 
tion and measured full contents. 

Southern Pine, Oak and Maple and other dimen- 
sion plank and timber ordered for special purposes, such 
as ship, bridge, car stock, etc., shall be inspected with 
regard to its intended use, as No. 1, No. 2 and culls. 

No. I shall be free of all defects that will impair its 
strength or render it unsuitable for first-class work. 

No. 2 shall include all other lumber of which not less 
than two-thirds of entire piece (as a whole) can be used 
without waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2. 

NORTH CAROLINA PINE AND SOUTHERN PINE 
KILN DRIED SAP FLOORING. 

No. I to be free from knots and stained sap. Bright 
sap no objection. 
No. 3 two-thirds as a whole No. 1 stock. 
Culls not up to standard of No. 2. 

HEWN TIMBER. 

Shall be measured to square butts for length. In tim- 
ber with raft pins or pin holes in both ends one end only 
shall be allowed in measurement. If in only one end, and 
notinjurious to the strength of the piece, the total length 
shall be taken. 

The full average size in inches shall be taken for con- 
tents midwav of stick inside of axe marks not allowing 
over IX inches of taper to every 20 feet in length, and 
not exceeding 2 inches of wane on any edge. 

No. I shall be free from all defects that will impair its 
strength or render it unsuitable for first-class work. 
- No. 2 shall include all other lumber of which not less 
Uian two-thirds of entire piece (as a whole) can be used 
without waste, and must show some heart fortwo-thirds 
oi its length on all sides and be free from unsound knots, 
injurious shakes, and rot. 



112 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE I, AW. 



Culls shall include all timber not up to the standard 

of No. 2. 

ROUND TIMBER. 

Hewn Timber and Round Oak and other timber 
used for masts and ship-building, shall be surveyed and 
sold as ton timber, at the rate of 40 cubic feet to the ton, 
and inspected as No. 1, No. 2 and culls. 

For measurement three quarters of the diameter shall 
be taken for the side of the square, to be measured mid- 
way of the stick or if of uneven taper, the average 
diameter shall be taken and the contents marked thereon. 

No. i shall be nearly free of defects and suitable for 
first-class v\ ork. 

No. 2 shall not contain defects that will prevent two- 
thirds of entire length being used for first-class work. 

Culls shall include all timber not up to the standard 
o No. 2. 

OAK, HACKMATACK AND SPRUCE KNEES. 

Oak, hackmatack and spruce knees shall be inspected as 
No. 1 and Culls. 

No. I shall include all sound knees of the following 
dimensions: 



Arm or Root. 


Body 


Working Thickness. 


2 feet long. 


4 feet long. 4 inc 


lies. 


21/2 " " 


5 " 


5 ' 




2% " " 


5V 2 " ' 


6 




3V 4 " " 


51/2 " « 


7 




3V 2 " " 


51/2 " ' 


8 ' 




3% " " 


6 " 


9 ' 




4 " " 


6 " ' 


10 ' 


' and up. 



Culls shall include all knees that are unsound and not 
up to the specified dimensions of No. 1. 

CYPRESS GRADES AND CLASSIFICATION. 

Cypress lumber should be well manufactured, square 
edged and butted, and sawed plump enough in width 
and thickness to allow for shrinkage and dressing. It 
shall be graded as No. 1, ot Choice and Prime, No. 2, or 
Merchantable, Sidings and Culls. 

The length of all grades higher than Culls, shall be 10 
feet and up; and (he width 7 inches and up. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE UW. 113 



A knot defect shall be equal to a sound knot \% inches 
in diameter. A sap defect shall be equal to 1 inch of 
sap the entire length of piece on one side. 

No. i, or Choice and Prime, shall include Choice 
lumber which shall be clear of all defects; and all lumber 
over 8 inches wide, clear of all defects one side, which 
does not show over one-eighth sap on each or either 
edge on the other side. 

No. 2, or Merchantable, at 7 inches wide will admit 
I defect; 10 inches wide will admit 2 defects; 12 inches 
wide will admit 3 defects; 16 inches wide and up, wide, 
will admit 4 defects on face side. But in all widths 
must show one-half heart on sap side. 

Sidings should be clear of all defects except bright or 
unstained sap. In not over 15 per cent of lumber, one 
or two small knots may be allowed on one face. 

Culls. — All Cypress lumber not up to the above stand- 
ards of grade. 

Tank Stock, 10 feet and up in length, narrow or 
wide, shall be clear of all defects, except sap that will 
dress off, and one or two small knots which must be 
sound and water tight. 

Strips shall be 4, 5 and 6 inches wide, 10 feet and up 
in all defects, except sap. 

No. I Strips shall have one side clear of sap. 

No. a Strips will admit sap on face side. 

Gutter Scantling and Joist.— Standard sizes 3x4, 
4x5 and 4x6; length, 12 to 35 feet. All gutter stock 
should be sawed Vs inch over each intended size. 

No. I shall be free of all defects except sap that will 
work off in moulding. 

No. 2 shall be free from large or unsound knots and 
other defects that will prevent its whole use in ordinary 
work, or two-thirds of the same in one piece, as No. 1 
stock. 

Culls. — All lumber not up to standard of No. 2 grade. 

INSPECTION OF HARDWOOD LUMBER. 

Hardwood boards, planks and joists shall be inspected 
as No. 1, No. 2 (when requested Rejects or Common; 
and Culls. 



114 MASSACHUSETTS STATE EAW. 



Rejects. — When the Reject grade is requested in 
Black Walnut, Cherry, Oak, Ash or other hardwoods, 
and the Common grade in Whitewood, Basswood and 
other kindred lumber, it should be inspected on the best 
side of one-iaced or cutting-up stock, and should be 
practically free from rot, shakes or bad defects on the 
poorest side that would injure it for that purpose. As 
the grade includes lumber that would be called Culls 
when only three grades are made (namely No. 1, No. 2 
and Culls), the culls when thus inspected would include 
all lumber not up to the standard of Rejects and 
Common. 

The inspection shall be from both sides of all boards 
and planks, excepting rejects, common and flooring and 
sheathing strips, which shall be inspected from face side 
and be 3, 4 and 5 inches wide, including 6 and 7 inch 
whitewood. 

All badly missawed lumber shall be graded as culls. 

No cull shall be considered to have a marketable value 
which will not work one-half its size without waste. 

All boards one inch thick and under shall be measured 
face measure, and all lumber sawed scant of intended 
thickness or size shall be reduced to the next standard 
thickness or size. 

All one inch lumber shall be thick enough to plane two 
sides % inch; l^inch to plane two sides 1% inches; IY2 
inch to plane two sides 1% inches; 2 inch to plane two 
sides 1% inches. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes, such as newels, 
balusters, etc., shall be inspected with regard to its fit- 
ness for the intended use. 

Tapering boards and plank shall be measured at 
one-third the distance from narrow end. 

Standard lengths shall be recognized as 12, 14 and 
16 feet. Special lengths, 6 to 11 feet inclusive. Stand- 
ard thicknesses, 1, 1V 4 . 1V 2 , 2, 2V 2 , 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches. 
Special thicknesses, %, V2, %, %, etc. 

All boards and plank under 6 feet long shall be graded 
as culls or measured for quantity only. 

Counter tops shall be 12 feet and up long, 18 inches 
and up wide, 1, 1^4, IV2 and 2 inches thick, and should 
be nearly clear of all defects. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 115 



Squares, 3x3, 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, 
are not exempt from this inspection on account of width. 

Special length and sizes must be specified on inspection 
statement. 

A knot defect shall be equal to the standard knot 
which shall be sound and not exceed \M inches in 
diameter. 

A split delect shall be equal to a straight split 2 feet in 
length, and parallel with the edge of the piece. 

A white sap defect shall be equal to 1 inch in width the 
entire length of the piece on one side. 

WHITEWOOD OR YELLOW POPLAR. 

No. I shall not be less than 8 inches in width and free 
of defects up to 10 inches; at 12 inches wide will admit 
of two white sap defects, and at 16 inches and up wide, 
four white sap defects. Face side to be perfect and prac- 
tically free of knots. When 12 inches and up wide, will 
admit of one split defect. Black or discolored sap is ex- 
cluded from No. 1 grade. 

NOc a shall be not less than 7 inches wide and free of 
defects- At 10 inches wide will admit of two white 
sap or one knot defect. At 12 inches wide, of four white 
white sap or two knot defects. At 16 inches wide and 
up, six white sap or three knot defects on face side. In No. 
2 grade a straight and parallel split shall be no delect 
unless it exceeds one- third the length of piece. 

Sap Clear shall be 6 inches and up wide, and include 
lumber free from all defects excepting bright sap on'the face 
side, and practically free from knots on the other side. 

Common shall include all lumber 8 inches and up 
wide, in which two-thirds clear face on one side can be 
obtained in cutting up, the shortest piece not to be less 
than 2 feet long. 

Culls shall include lumber not up to standard of 
No. 2 excepting that when Sap, Clear and Common 
grades are made; Culls shall include all lumber not up 
to the standard of Common, but no Cull shall have a 
marketable value unless one-half of the same can be 
worked without waste. 

PLAIN SYCAMORE AND COTTONWOOD 

Shall be inspected the same as whitewood; also Bass- 
wood, with the exception that white sap is no defect, 



116 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 



BLACK WALNUT. 

No. I shall be not less than 6 inches wide and free of 
defects. At 10 inches wide will admit two sap defects 
on sap side; if wider, will admit of slightly increased 
defects that will not causa waste for first-class work. 
Face side to be perfect and free of knots. 

No. 2, shall be not less than 6 inches wide. At 8 
inches, will admit of one knot defect on face side, or two 
sap defects on opposite side. At 12 inches wide, two 
knots or one sap defect, and at 16 inches and up wide, 
three knots or two sap defects on face side. The oppo- 
site side must not show more than one-third sap. 

Rejects shall be 5 inches and up wide, and include all 
lumber in which two thirds clear face on one side can be 
obtained in cutting up, the shortest piece not to be less 
than 2 feet long. 

<Cttlls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2, (excepting when Rejects are made;) then all 
lumber not up to the standard of Rejects, one-half of 
which can be worked without waote, otherwise it shall 
be classed as Mill Culls. 

CHERRY. 

The same as black walnut. Bad, resinous gum spots 
or blotches are excluded from No. 1 grade, but a few 
streaks will be admitted. 

Gum defects alone in No. 2 grade shall not exceed the 
limit of knot and sap defects allowed in that grade, and 
combined defects shall not exceed the same limit. 

BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. 

The same as black walnut. Wormholes are excluded 
from No. 1 grade. 

SWEET GUM. 

The same as black walnut. The sap is worthless and 
is excluded from No. 1 grade. 

QUARTERED OAK AND SYCAMORE. 

The same as black walnut. Sap is excluded from No. 
1 grade, face side. 

ASH, PLAIN OAK, MAPLE, BIRCH, BEECH, ELM AND 
HICKORY. 

Shall be inspected as No. 1, No. 2, and Culls, 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE I,AW. 117 

No. I shall be 6 inches and up wide, and free from all 
defects up to 8 inches wide, with slight defects as width 
increases. 

No. 3 shall be 6 inches and up wide, and may have a 
few small sound knots, but two-thirds of the entire piece 
(as a whole) must be suitable for first-class work with- 
out waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2 grade. 

Sap if bright and in good condition, is no defect. 
Heart, shake, rot, dote or wormholes are excluded from 
No. 1 grade. 

Whitewood, cypress, black walnut, cherry and other 
hard wood strips for flooring and sheathing, are in- 
spected as No. 1 , No. 2. and culls. 
strips. 

No. I must have one perfect face and two sound edges. 

No. 2, may have one bright sap defect (except black 
walnut and cherry), or three small pencil knots. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard 
of No. 2. 

MAHOGANY, SPANISH CEDAR, SATIN-WOOD 

And other foreign hardwoods shall be inspected as 
merchantable and culls. 

Merchantable shall include all logs or sticks that 
are sound and free of defects. 

Culls shall include all logs or sticks that are unsound 
and defective. 

Logs may be manufactured somewhat uneven, but 
should be square butted, as sale measurement will only 
be taken to square butt. 

The rule for measuring merchantable shall be to allow 
a slab one inch thick on one side of thickness, and a slab 
two inches thick from one side of the width. The solid 
contents of the remainder to be taken for sale measure- 
ment. 

Culls shall be measured full contents, one-half of which 
shall be deducted for sale measurements. 

Each log or stick contained in each lot or cargo, shall 
be numbered and marked in regular numerical order, and 
on merchantable the sale measurement, and on culls the 
letter R, and the full measurements shall be marked 
thereon. 



118 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAW. 



WHITEWOOD, MAPLE, BLACK WALNUT 

And other hardwood logs shall, unless otherwise 
ordered, be inspected as No. 1, No. 2, ard culls. 

In measuring, the diameter shall be taken at the small 
end (inside the bark) in inches, in sections of 15 feet, and 
no fractions of an inch shall be allowed. 

No. I shall include all logs that are sound and free of 
defects. 

No. 2 shall contain no defects that will prevent two- 
thirds of the entire log being used for first-class work. 

Culls sliall include all logs not up to the standard of 
No. 2. 

Sec. 16. The fees for surveying and marking shall be 
paid by the purchaser as follows: For White, Southern 
and Norway Pine, Spruce, Hemlock, Juniper and White- 
wood Boards, Planks, Joists, Sawed Timber and Dimen- 
sions, 30 cents for every thousand feet, board measure; 
for Southern Pine Flooring Boards, 34 cents for every 
thousand feet, board measure; for all kinds of Pine, 
Spruce, Hemlock and Juniper Timber, 12 cents for every 
ton; for Oak and other Hardwood, 24 cents for every 
ton; for knees commonly used in ship building, 3 cents 
for every knee; for Ash, Maple and other Hardwood, 
and for ornamental Boards, Planks and Joists, 40 cents 
for every thousand feet, board measure; for Cuba, Saint 
Domingo, and other branch of hard Mahogany, $1 for 
every thousand feet, board measure; and for Mahogany 
from the Bay of Honduras, and for Cedar 75 cents for 
every thousand feet, board measure. One-half of the 
fees paid by the purchases as aforesaid shall be allowed 
and paid to him by the seller, if the surveyor-general 
receives in fees in any year more than $2,500 and his 
necessary expenses for office rent, the heating and 
lighting thereof, clerical assistance, telephone service, 
postage, stationery and transportation in the discharge 
of his duties, he shall pay the excess over said sum and 
expenses into the treasury of the Commonwealth. 

Sec. 17. If a surveyor general or survej^or of lumber 
is guilty of or connives at a fraud or deceit in surveying, 
marking, or numbering the contents or quality of any 
kind of wood or lumber, or if such surveyor, when 
requested by the owner of or by a dealer in lumber to 



MAINE INSPECTION UW. 119 



survey the same, refuses without good reason to perform 
the duty, he shall forfeit for each offense not less $50 nor 
more than $200. 

Sec. 18. If a seller or purchaser of lumber attempts to 
induce a surveyor to make a false survey, he shall forfeit 
for each offense not less than $50 nor more than $200. 

Sec. 19. Whoever performs, without authority, any 
of the duties of a survevor of lumber, shall forfeit not 
less than $50 nor more than $200. 

Sec. 20. This act shall take effect upon its passage. 



MAINE I NSPEC TION LAW. 

Chapter 41, Section 14. Every town, at its annual 
meeting, shall elect one or more surveyors of Boards, 
Plank, Timber and Joist, one or more surveyors of 
Shingles, Clapboards, Staves and Hoops; and every 
town containing a port of delivery whence Staves and 
Hoops are usually exported, shall also elect two or more 
viewers and cullers of Staves and Hoops; and the mu- 
nicipal officers of a town ma}', if they deem it necessary, 
appoint not exceeding seven surveyors of logs; and all 
said officers shall be sworn. 

Sec. 15. All Boards, Plank, Timber and Joist offered 
for sale shall, before delivery, be surveyed by a sworn 
surveyor thereof; and if he has doubts of" the dimensions, 
he shall measure the same and mark the contents thereon, 
making reasonable allowance for rots, knots and splits, 
drying and shrinking. Pine boards, when % of an inch 
thick when fully seasoned, and in that proportion when 
partly seasoned, shall be considered merchantable, and 
no pine boards, except Sheathing Boards, shall be 
shipped for exportation beyond the United States but 
such as are square edged and not less than % of an inch 
thick, nor less than 10 feet long, under penalty of forfeit- 
ure to the town whence shipped. 

Sec. 16. All Shingles packed for exportation beyond 
the state shall be 16 inches long, free from shakes and 
worm holes, and at least % of an inch thick at the butt 
end when green, and if of Pine, free from sap. They shall 
be 4 inches wide on an average, not less than 3 inches 



120 MAINE INSPECTION LAW. 



wide in any part, hold their width three-fourths of the 
way to the thin end, well shaved or sawed, and be de- 
nominated "No. 1 ;" but Shingles intended for salewithin 
the state, if of inferior quality or of less dimensions, may bt 
surveyed and classed accordingly under the denomina- 
tion "No. 2" and "No. 3." 

Sec. 17. All Shingles shall be split or sawed crosswise 
the grain. Each bundle shall contain 250 shingles, and, 
if in square bundles, 25 courses, and be 22*/2 inches at 
the lay, and when packed to be survej^ed as "No. 1," or 
for exportation, if in any bundle there are five shingles 
deficient in the proper dimensions, soundness or number, 
to make 250 merchantable shingles, or if any shingles 
are offered for sale before they are surveyed and meas- 
ured by a sworn surveyor of some town in the county 
where "they were made, and the quality branded on the 
hoop or band of the bundle, unless the parties othe: wise 
agree, are forfeited to the town where the offence is com- 
mitted. 

Sec. 18. All Clapboards exposed for sale orpacked for 
exportation shall be made of good, sound timber, free 
from shakes and worm holes, and if of Pine, clear of sap, 
and they shall be at least % of an inch thick on the back 
of thickest part, 5 inches wide and 4 feet 6 inches long, 
and straight and well shaved or sawed. 

Sec. 21. No person shall deliver on sale, or ship or at- 
tempt to ship for exportation, any Boards, Plank, Tim- 
ber, Joists, Shingles, Clapboards, Staves or Hoops before 
they have been surveyed, measured, viewed or culled, as 
the case may be, or branded by the proper officer, and a 
certificate thereof given by him specif3"ing the number, 
quality and quantity thereof, under a penalty of $2 a 
thousand, by quantity or tale, as such article is usually 
sold, half to the town where the offence is committed, 
and half to the prosecutor, and in addit'on thereto the 
master or owner of any vessel exporting any of the arti- 
cles aforesaid beyond the limits of the United States con- 
trary to law, shall for the first offence forfeit $200 to the 
town whence said articles are exported, and if after con- 
viction he commits a second offence in the same vessel, 
he forfeits the same sum, and the vessel is also forfeited 
to the town. 



MAINE INSPECTION LAW. 121 



Sec. 22. The master or owner of any vessel having 
any of the lumber or other articles mentioned in the pre- 
ceding section on board for exportation as aforesaid, 
shall, before the vessel is cleared at the custom house, 
produce to the collector a certificate from the proper of- 
ficer that the same have been duly surveyed, measured, 
viewed or culled, as the case may require; and such mas- 
ter or owner shall likewise make oath before the col- 
lector or a justice of the peace, whose certificate shall be 
returned to the collector, that the articles so shipped for 
exportation are the same articles thus surveyed, meas- 
ured, vewed or culled; that he has no other on board of 
the like description, and that he will not take any others. 

Sec. 23. If any person duly elected a surveyor, meas- 
urer, viewer or culler of any said articles under this chap- 
ter, neglects or refuses to take the oath of his office and 
to serve therein, he forfeits $3 to the town, and another 
person shall be elected to his place, who shall take the 
oath and serve as aforesaid under the like penalty, and 
the like proceedings shall be had until the office is filled; 
or if any such officer, duly qualified, unnecessarily re- 
fuses or neglects to attend to the duties of his office when 
requested, he forfeits $3; and if he connives at or will- 
ingly allows any breach of the provisions thereof, or 
practices any other fraud or deceit in his official duties, 
he shall forfeit $30 for the use aforesaid. 

Sec. 24. All pecuniary penalties aforesaid may be re- 
covered by action of debt, indictment or complaint, and 
all other forfeitures by a libel filed by the treasurer or 
any inhabitant of the town interested. 

Sec. 25. Surveyors of logs may inspect, survey and 
measure all mill logs floated or brought to market or of- 
fered for sale in their towns, and divide them into sev- 
eral classes corresponding to the different quality of 
boards and other sawed lumber which may be manu- 
factured from them, and they shall give certificates under 
their hands of the quantity and quality thereof to the 
person at whose request they are surveyed. 



122 QUEBEC CULLING. 



QUEBEC CULLING. 



Extracts from an Act to Regulate the Culling and Meas- 
uring of Timber, Masts, Spars, Deals, Staves, etc. 



The council of the Quebec Board of Trade, when re- 
quired by the supervisor so to do, shall elect four mer- 
chants practically acquaintd with the lumber trade; and 
the supervisor shall, by instrument under his hand and 
seal, appoint four licensed cullers; and the said four mer- 
chants and four cullers shall constitute a board of exam- 
iners, of which board the supervisors shall ex-officio be a 
member and chairman; and as often as vacancies occur 
in the said board by death, change of residence or other- 
wise, such vacancies shall be filled by election in the case 
of merchants and by new appointments in the case of 
cullers, forming the said board. 

The board shall meet at the office of the supervisor or 
elsewhere on the first Monday of May and August in 
each year, or upon any other day, when notified by the 
supervisor so to do, and four of the number of the board 
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, 
and the decision of an} r majority of the members present 
at such meeting shall be held to be the decision of the 
board. 

Every certificate issued by the board of examiners, ap- 
pointed under the provisions of the Act, shall state the 
qualifications of the person to whom such certificate is 
issued and what [description of culling he is best quali- 
fied to perform. 

MODE OF CULLING AND MEASURING. 

HOLDERS OF MEASURING TAPES, ETC., SHALL BE 
APPRENTICES. 

21. The holders of measuring tapes and scribers of 
timbers, shall, in all cases, when practicable, be appren- 
tices or candidates for becoming cullers; for whose acts, 
in the performance of their duties, the cullers shall be 
responsible. (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 8.) 



QUEBEC CULLING. 



123 



SQUARE TIMBER TO BE MEASURED ACCORDING TO THREE 
MODES. 

22. Square timber shall be measured only in some one 
of the three following modes— that is to say: 

First.— Measured off, in the raft or otherwise, giving 
the full cubic contents, without any allowance or deduc- 
tion. 

Secondly. — Measured in shipping order (which shall 
mean sound, fairly made timber); gum seams closed at 
the butt, and sound knots not to be considered unsound- 
ness — lengths under the merchantable standard herein- 
after mentioned, and not less than 12 feet long to be re- 
ceived, if, in the opinion of the culler, the same be fit for 
shipment. 

Thirdly. — Culled and measured in a merchantable 
state in accordance with the rules, standards and limita- 
tions hereinafter described. (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 9. ) 

LENGTH OF TIMBER TO BE MEASURED BY CULLERS, AS 
WELL AS GIRTH. 

23. In measuring timber, the culler employed for that 
purpose shall measure not only the girth of each piece of 
timber, but shall also measure, personally, with the aid 
of one competent assistant,. the length of each piece of 
timber in all cases where such measurement shall be 
practicable, with the aid of only one assistant; and in 
the event of any case arising in which, in the opinion of 
the supervisor of cullers or his deputy, such measurement 
cannot be effected with the aid of one assistant only, 
then such culler may employ an additional competent 
assistant for that purpose, who, as well as the assistant 
first above mentioned, shall be approved of by the super- 
visor of cullers or his deputy. (16 Vic, cap. 16S, sec. 1.) 

CULLER TO PROVIDE HIMSELF WITH MEASURING ROD, 
TAPE, ETC, 

24. Every culler shall provide himself with a measur- 
ing rod and tape, which shall, in all cases, be English 
measure, and tested and compared by a standard kept 
in the office of the supervisor (such rod having a hook at 
the end, five-eighths of an inch long); and also with a 
scribing knife, with which he shall mark, in legible char- 



124 QUEBEC CULLING. 



acters, the length, breadth and thickness of all square 
timber measured or culled by him, and the mark, initials 
or number of the party, if required. 

HOW TIMBER SHALL BE MARKED. 

And every culler shall provide himself with a proper 
stamp with the initials of his name in legible characters, 
and with the following capital letters, in addition: 

M, which shall denote what is merchantable; 

U, which shall denote what is sound and of merchant- 
able quality, but under merchantable size; 

S, which shall denote what is of second quality ; 

T, which shall denote what is of third quality; 

R, which shall denote what is rejected and unmer- 
chantable; which marks shall be indented or stamped on 
the end of each article of lumber culled in terms of mer- 
chantable standard hereinafter described, except West 
India and Barrel staves, Boards, Lathwood and Hand- 
spikes. (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 12.) 

COPY OF AGREEMENT AS TO MODE OF MEASUREMENT SHALL 
BE LODGED IN THE SUPERVISOR'S OFFICE. 

25. A copy of every agreement as to the adoption of 
any of the modes of measurement or culling mentioned 
in this Act, signed by the seller and buyer, shall be lodged 
in the office of the supervisor at the same time that a 
requisition is made to him for a culler to measure or cull 
any lumber, for the guidance of the supervisor and culler 
in the performance of their duty; and such requisition 
shall state the river and section of the province where- 
from such lumber is produced. 

PROVISO. 

Provided that it shall be competent for the owner of 
any lumber, or his agent, to cause it to be measured, 
culled or counted before any sale; in which case the 
specification of such lumber shall set forth the mode in 
which the measurement, culling or counting has been 
performed. (8 Vic. cap. 49, sec. 13.) 

QUALITIES OF LUMBER. 

DESCRIPTIONS AND CLASSES OF LUMBER. 

26. In all cases the supervisor and cullers, respectively, 



QUEBEC CULLING. 125 



shall be governed by the following descriptions, rules, 
standards and limitations, in ascertaining and certifying 
the merchantable size and quality of lumber submitted 
to their culling; 

SQUARE WHITE OAK TIMBER. 

Square White Oak Timber, First Quality, shall be free 
from rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood), 
open rings and grub or large worm holes; but small 
worm holes and shakes shall be allowed, according to 
the judgment of the culler. Second Quality shall be Oak 
not coming within the definition of First Quality, and 
which, in the judgment of the culler, is not Culls. 

ROCK ELM. 

Square Hard Grey or Rock Elm shall be free from rots, 
open rings and rotten knots (affecting the surrounding 
wood, but shakes and slivers shall be allowed, accord- 
ing to the judgment of the culler. 

WHITE OR YELLOW PINE TIMBER. 
Square White or Yellow Pine Timber shall be free from 
rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood), 
worm holes, open shakes and open rings; but sound 
knots shall be allowed, according to the judgment of the 
culler. 

SQUARE RED PINE TIMBER. 

Square Red Pine Timber shall be free from rot, rotten 
knots (affecting the surrounding wood), worm holes, 
shakes and splits; but sound knots shall be allowed, ac- 
cording to the judgment of the culler. 

SQUARE ASH, BASSWOOD AND BUTTERNUT. 

Square Ash, Basswood and Butternut shall be of the 
same quality as White or Yellow Pine Square Timber. 

SQUARE BIRCH. 

Square Birch shall be free from rot, rotten knots, splits 
and shakes, and shall be allowed 2 inches wane. 

MASTS, BOWSPRITS AND RED PINE SPARS. 

Masts, Bowsprits and Red Pine Spars shall be sound, 
free from bad knots, rents and shakes, and the heart 
shall be visible in spots at or near the partners. 



126 



QUEBEC CULLING. 



HICKORY HANDSPIKES. 

Hickory Handspikes shall be 6 feet long and 3^2 inches 
square at the smaller end. 

ASH OARS. 

Ash Oars shall be 3 inches square on the loin and 5 
inches broad on the blade. The blade shall be one-third 
of the length of the oar, and such oars shall be cleft 
straight on all sides, and free from large knots, splits 
and shakes. 

LATHWOOD. 

Lathwood shall be cut in lengths of from 3 to 6 feet 
and measured by the cord of 8 feet in length by 4 feet in 
height. The same, to be merchantable, shall be free from 
rot, and split freely, and each billet may contain to the 
extent of three or four open case knots, provided they 
run in line, or nearly so, and it shall not have more than 
one twist. 

PINE OR FIR BOARDS. 

Pine or Fir Boards shall not be less than 10 feet in 
length, not less than 1 inch in thickness, not less than 7 
inches in breadth, equally broad from end to end, edged 
with a saw or neatly trimmed by a straight line, and 
shall be free from rot, bad knots, rents and shakes, and 
of equal thickness on both edges from end to end; but 
the color alone of any board shall not be sufficient cause 
for its rejection, if it is in other respects sound and mer- 
chantable and of the dimensions required by this act. 

WHITE OR YELLOW PINE DEALS. 
White or Yellow Pine Deals, to be merchantable, shall 
be free from rot, rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open 
case knots, shakes and splits (a slight sun-crack ex- 
cepted); and sound knots and hard black knots to be 
allowed as follows: if not exceeding three in number, 
and not exceeding, upon the average, 1*4 inches dia- 
meter; if exceeding three and not exceeding six in num- 
ber, and upon the average not exceeding three-quarters 
of an inch in diameter; — this proportion of knots to be 
allowed for a deal 11 inches in width and 12 feet in 
length, and deals of greater or less dimensions to be 
allowed for in proportion, according to the judgment of 



QUEBEC CULLING. 1 27 



the culler; wane equal to half an inch on one edge, if 
running the whole length of such deal, to be allowed; 
and if not exceeding half the length of such deal, three- 
quarters of an inch to be allowed, they shall be free from 
black or dead sap (with a slight exception at the dis- 
cretion of such culler). 

RED PINE DEALS. 

Red Pine Deals, to be merchantable, shall be free from 
rot* rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case knots and 
splits; several small sound knots to be allowed, accord- 
ing to the judgment of the cullef ; heart shake to be al- 
lowed, if it does not run far into the deal or form a split 
through at the ends; they shall be free (or nearly so) 
from black or dead sap; but sound sap on the corners, 
or on a portion of one face of a deal, to be allowed, 
according to the judgment of the culler. 

SPRUCE DEALS. 

Spruce Deals, to be merchantable, shall be free from 
rot, rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case knots, 
splits and shakes (a heart shake, not exceeding one- 
fourth of an inch to half an inch in depth excepted); 
several small sound knots and hard black knots to 
be allowed according to the judgment of the culler; 
and in the exercise of such jndgment, he shall keep 
in view the peculiar nature of the wood, and govern 
his judgment accordingly; wane equal to half an inch 
on one edge, if running the whole length of the deal, to 
be allowed, and if not exceeding one-quarter the length 
of such deal, three-quarters of an inch to be allowed. 

WHITE OR YELLOW PINE SECOND QUALITY DEALS. 

White or Yellow Pine Second Quality Deals shall be 
free from rot, rotten knots and splits, with slight excep- 
tions, at the discretion of the culler; and sound knots 
and hard black knots to be allowed as follows; if not 
exceeding six in number, and not exceeding upon the 
average IV2 inches diameter; if exceeding six and not ex- 
ceeding twelve in number, and not exceeding upon the 
average l 1 ^ inches in diameter (small knots under half 
an inch in diameter not to be counted or considered), — 
this proportion of knots to be allowed for a deal 11 



128 QUEBEC CULLING. 



inches in width and 12 feet in length, and deals of greater 
or lesser dimensions to be allowed for in proportion, 
according to the judgmentof the culler; heart-shakes and 
sun-cracks, not exceeding three-fourths of an inch to 1 
inch in depth, to be allowed, as also worm-holes, at the 
judgment of the culler, wane of half an inch to be al- 
lowed, according to the quality of the deal; in other 
respects, at the judgment of the culler. Deals rejected 
as not coming within the standard of Merchantable or 
Second Quality, shall be classed as Culls, except that the 
culler may, if requested by buyer and seller, select and 
classify as Third Quality the best of the deals so rejected. 

SPRUCE AND RED PINE SECOND QUALITY DEALS. 

Spruce and Red Pine Second Quality Deals shall be 
Deals not coming within the definition of merchantable, 
pud which, in the opinion and judgment of the culler, are 
not culls, and shall be classed as Second Quality; and the 
culler, if required by seller and buyer, may select and 
classify as Third Quality the best of the Deals unfit to be 
Seconds. 

QUEBEC STANDARD HUNDRED OF DEALS. 

The Quebec Standard Hundred of Deals shall be 100 
pieces, 12 feet long, 11 inches broad and 2V2 inches thick, 
and Deals of all other dimensions shall be computed ac- 
cording to the said standard. Deals of all qualities shall 
not be less than 8 feet long, 7 inches broad and 2V2 inches 
thick. Deal ends shall not be less than 6 feet long, and 
shall be computed according to the Quebec Standard. 

MERCHANTABLE DEALS. 

All Merchantable Deals must be well sawn and 
squared at the end with a saw, and the color alone shall 
be no objection to their being merchantable. All Deals, 
when culled, shall in all cases be stamped with the ini- 
tials of the culler, and the capital letter denoting their 
quality as such. 

PROVISO AS TO SPRUCE DEALS. 

Provided, always, that Spruce Deals, if not sawn at 
the ends prior to or at the time of culling, shall be 
marked with the capital letter denoting their respective 
qualities, with red chalk, in large, bold letters. 



QUEBEC CULLING. 129 



HOW OTHER DEALS SHALL BE MARKED. 

To prevent mistakes in piling, all other Deals shall be 
marked with bold strokes, in red chalk, as follows: 
Merchantable shall be marked I; 
Second Quality shall be marked II; 
Third Quality (if made) shallbe marked III; 
Rejected or Culls shall be marked X. 

DIMENSIONS OF STAVES. 

STANDARD OR MEASUREMENT STAVES. 

Standard or Measurement Staves shall be at the di- 
mensions set forth in the words and figures following: 
5V 2 feet long, 5 inches broad and from 1 to 3 inches thick. 
4*4 do- 444 do. 
31/2 do. 4 do. 

2Y2 do. 5 do. 

HEART STAVES. 

Heart Staves 5V 2 feet long and 4% inches broad to be 
received as if of merchantable dimensions. 

STANDARD MILLE. 

The Standard Mille shall be 1,200 pieces of 5y 2 feet 
long, 5 inches broad and 1% inches thick, and Standard 
or Measurement Staves of other dimensions shall be re- 
duced to the said standard by the table of calculation 
now used. 

WEST INDIA OR PUNCHEON STAVES. 

"West India or Puncheon Staves shall be 3V 2 feet long, 
4 inches broad and % of an inch thick. All Staves shall 
be straight grained timber, properly split, with straight 
edges, free from the grub or large worm holes, knots, 
veins, shakes and splinters, and small worm holes, not 
exceeding three in number, to be allowed, according to 
the judgment of the culler, provided there are no veins 
running from or connected therewith; and the culler shall 
measure the length, breadth and thickness _ of Standard 
Staves at the shortest, narrowest and thinnest parts, 
and the thickness of West India and Barrel Staves ex- 
ceeding the standard breadth to be measured at such 
breadth, to-wit, 4 and 3!/ 2 inches, respectively, provided 
the thinnest edge is not less than y 2 inch, 



130 QUEBEC CULLING. 



DIMENSIONS OF MERCHANTABLE TIMBER. 

The dimensions of Merchantable Timber shall be as 
set forth in the following words and figures: 

OAK. 

Oak shall not be less than 20 feet in length, nor less 
than 10 inches square in the middle. 

ELM. 

Elm shall not be less than 20 feet in length, nor less 
than 10 inches square in the middle. 

WHITE PINE. 

White Pine shall not be less than 20 feet in length, and 
12 inches square in the middle; and 15 feet and upwards 
in length, if 16 inches and upwards in the middle. 

RED PINE. 

Red Pine shall not be less than 25 feet in length, and 
10 inches square in the middle; and 20 feet and upwards 
in length, if 12 inches square and upwards in the middle. 

ASH, BASSWOOD AND BUTTERNUT. 

Ash, Basswood and Butternut shall not be less than 
15 feet in length and 12 inches square in the middle, nor 
less than 12 feet in length, if 15 inches and upwards in 
the middle. 

BIRCH. 

Birch shall not be less than 6 feet in length, nor less 
than 12 inches square in the middle. 

TAPER OF MERCHANTABLE TIMBER. 

Oak 3 inches under 30 feet, and in proportion 

for any greater length. 

Elm 2 do. for 30 do. * do. do. 

White Pine... 1V 2 do. for 20 do. do. do. 

Red Pine 2 do. for 25 do. do. do. 

Ash IV2 do. under 20 do. do. do. 

Basswood.... 1*4 do. under 20 do. do. do. 

Butternut.... 1% do. under 20 do. .do. do. 

Bends or Twists not to exceed one in number. 



QUEBEC CULLING. 131 



HOLLOW ALLOWED ON MERCHANTABLE 

TIMBER. 

Oak 3 inches for ever\' 20 feet in length, and in 

proportion for any greater length. 

Elm 3 do. do. 20 do. do. do. 

W r hite Piaie... 2Y 2 do. do. 20 do. do. do. 

Red Pine 3 do. do. 20 do. do. do. 

Ash 2Vz do. do. 20 do. do. do. 

Basswood.... 2 1 /2 do. do. 20 do. do. do. 

Butternut.... 2V 2 do. do. 20 do. do. do. 

DIMENSIONS OP WHITE PINE MASTS, BOW- 
SPRITS AND RED PINE SPARS. 

DIMENSIONS OF MASTS. 

White Pine Masts, 23 inches and upwards at partners, 
shall be 3 feet in length to the inch in diameter. 
Do. 22 do. do. 3 feet do. and 2 ft. extreme length. 
Do. 21 do. do. 3 feet do. and 3 ft. do. do. 

Do. 20 do.&under3 feet do. and 4 ft. do, do. 

Hollow or bend not to exceed 6 inches for 70 feet, and 
in proportion for any greater length. 

DIMENSIONS OF BOWSPRITS. 

Bowsprits shall be 2 feet in length for every inch in di- 
ameter at the partners, adding 2 feet for extreme length. 

DIMENSIONS OF RED PINE SPARS. 

Red Pine Spars shall be 3 feet to the inch in diameter 
at the partners, and 9 feet extreme length; hollow not to 
exceed 7 inches for 60 feet, and in proportion for any 
greater length.— (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 14.) 

LUMBER IMPROPERLY SQUARED, ETC., TO BE RE-DRESSED. 

27. In all cases where it appears that Timber, Masts, 
Spars, Boards, Planks, Deals, Staves, Oars, or any other 
description of lumber, are not properly hewn, squared, 
butted or edged, but are merchantable in other respects, 
and sold as such, the supervisor and culler, respectivelv. 
shall order or cause the same to be properly dressed i. nd 
chopped at the expense of the seller or buyer, as the case 
may be, previously to their being respectively received 



13) PACIFIC COAST INSPECTION. 

PACIFIC COAST INSPEC- 
TION. 



Rules for the Inspection and Classification of Fir and 
Spruce Lumber, Adopted by the Lumber Manufact- 
urers' Association of the Northwest, at Tacoma, 
Wash., Feb. 33, 1893. 



FIR. 

All lumber shall be well trimmed, square at both ends 
and cut to even lengths. 

FLOORING. 

No 1, 4 or 6 inch, shall be well manufactured and ver- 
tical grain; the angle of the grain in no case shall be less 
than 45 degrees; bright sap admissible not to exceed 1 
inch in width on the face side of the piece; otherwise no 
imperfections of any kind. 

No. 2, 4 or 6 inch, shall be well manufactured, and 
will admit of a slight roughness in dressing, if vertical 
grain, and bright sap one-half the width of the piece 
must be clear; if flat grain, small pitch pockets not over 
three inches in length or small tight knots Y2 inch in 
diameter to the number of two to each 16 lineal feet, 
admissible. 

No. 3, 4 or 6 inch, shall be well manufactured and 
will admit of a slight roughness in dressing and bright 
sap; small round knots or small pitch pockets that do 
not show open seams; in 4-inch widths not to exeeed 
five small tight knots or same number of pitch pockets 
in each 16-foot piece; 6-inch widths will admit of one or 
two more knots or pitch pockets than 4-inch. 

No. 4 shall be well manufactured and will admit of 
sap the full width of the face; five sound knots not 
larger than % inch in diameter, or in absence of sound 
knots can have two large knot holes or their equivalent, 
which can be cut out and balance of the board be equal 
to No. 3. 

Cull shall consist of all flooring below the grade of 
No. 4, and shall be equal to common lumber. 



PACIFIC COAST INSPECTION. 133 



RUSTIC OR DROP SIDING. 

No. I shall be well manufactured, bright sap admis- 
sible one-third the width of the face; otherwise must be 
be clear. 

No. 2 shall be well manufactured, bright sap admis- 
sible; may contain small tight knots not more the % 
inch in diameter, but not more than four knots to each 
16 lineal feet; pitch seams or pockets not allowed more 
frequently than knots, and shall not be more than 3 
inches in length. 

No. 3 shall be well manufactured; sap will be admit- 
ted; five or six small knots not larger than 1 inch in diam- 
eter may be allowed in each 16 lineal feet; in the 
absence of knots can have two large knot holes or their 
equivalent in other defects that can be cut out and board 
be equal to No. 2; can admit pitch pockets equal to the 
above deiects. 

Cull shall consist of all rustic below the grade of No. 
3, and shall be equal to common lumber. 

PARTITION 

Must present both faces equal in grade or must be 
graded according to the poorest face and according to 
the rules laid down for the grading of rustic. 

CEILING 

Shall be graded on the merits of the face side and 
according to the rules laid down for the grading of 
rustic and drop siding. 

STOCK BOARDS. 

All grades of stock boards shall be free from any wane, 
shakes or any radical defects that shall prevent their 
being used full width and length without cutting out 
defects. 

A Stock shall be practically clear, but will admit of 
V2-inch of bright sap on one edge. Must be close grain 
and must be free from pitch seams. 

B Stock will admit of 1 inch bright sap on face side, 
also three or four tight knots not larger than % inch i'r« 
diameter or one or two small pitch pockets, provided 
they are well distributed, but cannot have both defects. 
In absence of sap a board can have more knots. 

C fctock may have two or three inches of bright sap 
on both sides, or more if on one side only; will admit of 



134 PACIFIC COAST INSPECTION. 



two or three knots, if tight, not over 1 inch in diameter; 
or seven or eight small knots if not over % inch in dia- 
meter it well scattered, and two or three pitch seams if 
not over 4 inches long. 

D Stock may have some sap, but will admit of 12 or 
15 sound, tight knots none over 1 inch in diameter, 
and two or three small pitch pockets; but knots are 
admissible in this grade, while pitch pockets and sap 
are objectionable, as this grade is used largely for barn 
boards and exposed to the sun and weather. 

For 8 and 10-inch stock boards less defects are allowed 
in proportion to the width. 

BOX BOARDS 

Sh ill be graded same as stock boards, but shall be 13 
nches and over in width. 

CASINGS AND FINISHING LUMBER 

Shall correspond in grade with rustic and drop siding. 

THICK, CLEAR AND SELECTS. 

First Clear Stepping shall be well manufactured 
and the angle of the grain not less than 45 degrees; 
bright sap admissible on one edge on the face side if not 
over 1 inch in width. No other defects allowed. 

First Clear shall be graded First Clear Stepping, but 
shall be flat grain. 

Second Clear may be flat grain, bright sap admis- 
sible on one edge of the face side if not over 2 inches in 
with; where 12 inches and over in width may contain 
one small sound knot not over V2 inch in diameter, or 
one pitch pocket 1 inch in length in a 12-foot piece. If 
worked, the round edge shall be free from defects. 

A Select shall be well manufactured and vertical 
grain, angle of the grain not less than 45 degrees; will 
allow of 3 inches of bright sap on one edge of face, or 
half that amount on both sides. 

B Select may be flat grain; will admit of 3 inches of 
bright sap on both edges of the face side and two 
small knots not over % inch in diameter. If vertical 
grain will allow four small sound knots not over IY4. 
inch diameter. This grade will also admit of two spike 
knots or similar defects that may be cut out, and board 
shown to equal in grade A select. 



PACIFIC COAS'.f INSPECTION. 135 



COMMON LUMBER 

Shall be generally of sound character, free from rot, 
shake, wane, loose or rotten knots or other defects 
which will materially weaken the piece. 

CULL LUMBER 

Shall consist of a merchantable lumber that has such 
defects as shall exclude it from the grades of common 
lumber or better. 

SIZES. 

All 1x6 and 1x4 flooring shall be 13-16 inches thick, 
3M. and 5% inches wide respectively. Inch and one- 
quarter flooring shall be 1 1-16 thick and same width as 
one inch. Ceiling shall be the same width as flooring. 
Board and finish whether S 1 S or S 2 S shall be worked 
as follows: One inch to 13-16, 1*4 inch to 1 1-16 inch, 
1H inch to 1 5-16 inch and 2 inch to 1% inch. All luin- 
ber dressed four sides shall be dressed to y 2 inch less in 
width than size designated, 

SPRUCE. 

Bevel Siding.— Half-inch tied, 4 and 6inche=. Inspec- 
tion grades shall consist of Clear, "A.," "B.," Fence. 

Cleat" shall be mostly vertical grain. 

A Siding admits of small tight knots equal to one 
every 8 lineal feet, white sap equal to one inch the length 
of board or slight defects in milling. 

B Siding admits of mill defects from manufacturing, 
knots equal to one every 5 lineal feet and white sap 
equal to one-half the face of the board. These defects 
are not admissible to the A grade. 

Fence.— This grade admits of defects in milling, sap, 
knots, knot holes, if not more than one to each 4 lineal 
feet or their equivalent if in a group. This grade is 
intended for coarse work, or for cutting for betterment. 

FINISH. 

First and Second Clear. — 8, 9 and 10 inches are 
clear on both faces; 11 and 12 inches are clear on one 
face; 13 inches and wider not to exceed two small 
defects on face side of board. 

Third Clear.— 8, 9 and 10 inches clear face; 11 inches 
and wider three face defects and in proportion as the 
board widens. 



13G PACIFIC COAST INSPECTION. 



Select. — This grade admits of two face defects on 8 
and 9-inch widths and four face defects on 10 and 11- 
inch widths. Wider boards admit of one face defect to 
every 4 lineal feet. 

Thin Clear and Selects, V2-inch thick. This grade 
is from selects to clears. All lengths and widths from 
6 inches and up. 

Thin Clear.— Same as thin clear and selects, with 
the exception that it is clear lumber; takes the same 
classification as to widths and lengths. 

GRADING OF CAR MATERIAL. 

YELLOW AND RED FIR. 

All yellow and red fir timber used in the construction 
and repairs of cars and engines, must be cut from good, 
sound, live, thrilty timber, straight grained, free from 
black, loose or unsound knots, sap, shakes, splits and 
pitch seams, except as hereinafter specified. No wane 
edged or cross grained timber can be accepted. All tim- 
ber must be cut full, square, and true to the lengths, 
thickness and width ordered. 

CAR SIDING. 

Clear yellow and red fir 1x6, 8 or 16 feet, free from all 
defects except sap, 75 per cent of face to be vertical 
grain. 

CAR ROOFING. 

Yellow and red fir, 1x6, 5 and 10 feet. Face free from 
all defects except one or two small, sound, live knots 
one inch or less in diameter to each 5 feet in length; 75 
per cent of face must be vertical grain. 

FREIGHT CAR SILLS. 

Yellow fir up to 32 feet in length. Must be free from 
all defects except pitch seams 5 inches in length and 
sound, live knots IMj inches or less in diameter, well 
scattered, not more than twelve in the piece. One face 
of outside sills must be free from all pitch seams. 

COACH SILLS. 

Yellow fir, free from all defects except sap on one edge, 
and sound, live, red knots one inch in diameter, well 
scattered. 



NORTH CAROLINA PINE INSPECTION. 137 

NORTH CAROLINA PINE 
INSPECTION. 



Rules Adopted by the North Carolina Pine Lumber Com- 
pany, for the Inspection of North Carolina Kiln Dried 
Boards. 

No. I Flooring, 1, 1J€, IY2 and 2 inches thick shall 
have one side free from knots, shakes or stain and the 
other side sound. 

No. 2 Flooring shall consist of boards with small 
tight knots on the best side and to be free from worm 
holes and shakes. Sap-stained boards, clear of knots on 
one side, below No. 1, are included in this grade. 

No. 3 shall consist of black-stained boards free from 
large knots; wormed boards, known as pin-holes, and 
tight knotty boards — provided there are no large knots 
in edge of board. 

No. 4 or Box.— All boards not coming up to grade 
No. 3 in quality are classed as Box or Rough, excepting 
boards which are unsound or rotten. 

Mill Culls consist of all lumber below No. 4 or Box. 

NOTE. 

All lumber intended for flooring shall be measured at 
the narrowest and thinnest points, and be 12 feet long 
and over. 

CAIRO, ILL., HARDWOOD 
INSPECTION. 



The rules for the inspection of hardwood lumber at 
Cairo, 111., as adopted by the Cairo Hardwood Lumber 
Exchange, are practically the same as the Chicago rules 
on all woods except yellow pine and cypress. On these 
two the rules correspond with those adopted by the 
Southern Lumber Manufacturers' Association and the 
Southern Cypress Lumber & Shingle Association. 



138 YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 

YELLOW PINE INSPEC- 
TION. 



Adopted by the Southern Umber Manufacturers' Asso- 
ciation, Feb. so, 1891, and Revised Feb. 32, 1894. 



GRADES. 



FLOORING. 

Heart Face, Clear, shall be clear of all defects on 
face side. 

First and Second Rift-Sawed shall be clear of all 
defects on face side, bright sap admissible, the angle of 
the grain not to exceed 45 degrees. 

Star Rift-Sawed shall admit of three sound knots 
V2 inch in diameter, or one sound knot 1 inch in diame- 
ter, and slight sap stains, but not more than three de- 
fects to be admitted in one piece. The angle of the grain 
not to exceed 45 degrees. 

Clear Flat-Sawed shall be clear of all defects on 
face side, bright sap admissible. ■ 

Star Flat-Sawed shall admit of three sound knots 
V2 inch in diameter, or one sound knot 1 inch in diameter 
and slight sap stains, but not more than three defects to 
be admitted in one piece. 

No. 1 Common admits of sap stains and sound knots, 
to be well manufactured from sound stock. No piece 
shall be admitted in this grade which will not lay with- 
out waste. 

No. 2 Common shall consist of all pieces that will 
not grade No. 1 Common and that will lay without 
waste ol over one-quarter of a piece. 

CEILING. 

Ceiling shall take flooring grades, except as regards 
grain. 

FINISH. 

Clear Finish and Step Plank shall not be less 
than 8 inches wide, and up to 10 inches wide shall be 
free from all defects; widths over 10 inches may have 



yEeeow pink inspection. 139 



one sound knot % inch in diameter, or other defects equal 
to this; bright sap admissible; from 12 to 14 inches 
wide, may have two such knots, or three such knots in 
widths over 14 inches, and slight sap stains admissible 
to all widths over 12 inches. 

Above specifications to apply to face side of board. 

Star Finish shall not be less than 8 inches in width, 
and shall admit of sap stains, or three sound knots 
equivalent to 3 inches in diameter on face side. 

BOARDS. 

First Common Boards admit of sound knots, 
without regard to size and number, but shall be free 
from large spike or loose knots or splits that would ma- 
terially injure the strength of the board, and work with- 
out waste. 

No. 2 Common shall admit of coarse and unsound 
knots, without regard to size, shape or number; will 
also admit of imperfections in manufacture. 

FENCING. 

No. I shall be well manufactured, and 4 and 6 inches 
wide; admit of sound knots that do not materially im- 
pair the strength of the piece. 

No. 2 consists of lumber not as good as first common 
that can be used without waste. 

DIMENSION. 

No. I shall be well manufactured from sound stock, 
may have any number of tight, sound knots, provided 
their size and position in the piece will not materially 
injure its strength. 

No. 2 may have any number of knots, which may be 
coarse, black or unsound. It will also admit of imper- 
fections in manufacture. 

STANDARD SIZES. 

Flooring — The standard of 1x4 and 6 inch shall be 
J§x3yo and 5V& inches; 1% inch flooring, l^g inch. 

Ceiling— % inch ceiling, 
inrh; % inch ceiling, >T % inch. 

Boards— 1 inch, SI Sor S 2 S, to J|; 1*4 inch, S IS or 
S 2 S. to lJg inch; iy 2 inch, S 1 S, or S 2 S, to 1 finches; 
2 inch, S 1 S or S 2 S, to 1 % inches. 



140 YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 

Piece Stuff— 2x4, S 1 S 1 E, to 1%x3 5 / 8 inches; 2x6, 
S 1 S 1 E, to I%x5% inches; 2x8 S 1 S 1 E, l 5 / 8 x7V 2 
inches; 2x10, S 1 S 1 E, to l%x9V 2 inches; 2x12, SIS 
1 E, to l%xilV2 inches; 4x4, % inch off side and edge; 
4x4, S 4 S, Vi inch off each side. 

There are a number of mills which have been using a 
%x3!/i inch standard, and it was thought advisable to 
adopt a standard of f|x3V8, and mills which desire 
to quote VgxSM inch do so at an advance over prices 
established for standard of $1 a thousand F.O.B. mill. 

GAGES. 

Ceiling' — % inch Ceiling shall be r 5 g inch. The tongue 
shall be 6 5 4 inch from the bottom of the board, and g 8 4 
inch thick and g 7 3 inch from the top of tongue to top of 
board, and shall be & inch long. The groove shall be g 5 4 
inch from the bottom of the board, g 4 inch wide, and 
from the top of the groove to the top of the board shall 
be ^ inch, and shall be ^ i ncn deep: — % inch Ceiling 
shall be f 7 g inch thick; the tongue shall be ^ i ncn from 
the bottom of the board, and ^ inch thick, and ^ inch 
from the top of the tongue to the top of the board, and 
shall be T 3 g inch long. The groove shall be g \ inch from 
the bottom of the board, ^ inch wide, and from the top 
of the groove to the top of the board, ^ mcn an d 5 \ inch 
deep:— % inch Ceiling shall be ^ inch thick, the tongue 
shall be ^ i ncn from the bottom of the board, ^ inch 
thick and 3 9 2 inch from top of tongue to top of board , and 
f* g inch long. The groove shall be ^ mcn from the 
bottom of the board, ^ mcn wide, and ^ i ncn from the 
top of groove to top of board and £% inch deep. 

Flooring — % inch Flooring shall be | g inch thick, the 
tongue shall be 5 8 2 inch from the bottom of board, ^ 
inch thick and ^ inch from top of tongue to top of 
board, and X A inch long. The grooves shall be 5 8 2 inch 
from bottom of board, ^ i ncn wide, ^ inch from top of 
groove to top of board and f 5 g inch deep: — 1 inch Floor- 
ing shall be £-§ inch thick, the tongue shall be ^ inch 
from the bottom of board, 3% inch thick, and %% inch 
from top of tongue to top of board, and *4 inch long. 
The groove shall be ^ inch from bottom of board, g 9 2 
inch wide, g$ inch from top of groove to top of board, 
and 1% inch deep: — IV4 inch Flooring shall be l^ginch 



YElylyOW PINE INSPECTION. 



141 



thick. The tongue shall be g 8 ^ inch from bottom of 
board, & inch thick, and £f inch from top of tongue to 
top of board, and *4 inch long. The groove shall be 
3 8 2 - inch from bottom of board, jft inch wide, and §1 inch 
from top of groove to top of board, and ^g i ncn deep. 

Partition— 1 inch partition shall be % inch thick. 
The tongue shall be ^ inch thick, and shall be § 8 2 inch 
from either side of the board, and ^4 inch long. The 
grooves shall be £$ incl1 wide, and shall be || inch from 
either side of the board, and ^ inch deep. The tongue 
side of all matched lumber shall be made square, the 
bevel or clearance shall be on the groove side. Each 
side of the groove on partition lumber shall be beveled 
in toward the groove for clearance. 

WEIGHTS. 
The schedule marked "A" applies from Shoit Leaf Pine 
district. The schedule marked "B" applies from Long 
Leaf district. 

SCHEDULE "A." 

Pounds. 

Flooring, J|, Drop Siding and Moulded Casing.... 2,000 

" Hollow Backed 1,800 

Ceiling, %, 1,000 

" i/ 2 1,300 

s/ 8 1,500 

% 1,900 

Siding from 1-inch stock 1,000 

li/4-inch stock 1,250 

Moulded Base 2,250 

Finish, inch, S 2 S . 2,600 

114, IY2 and 2-inch, S 2 S 2,800 

1, U4, IV2 and 2-inch, rough..., 3,200 

ShiplapandD & M 2,300 

Grooved Roofing 2,400 

Boards, S 1 S , 2,600 

" rough 3,200 

Fencing, S IS 2,600 

rough 3,200 

2x4, 2x6 and 2x8, S & E. to 1% 2,500 

2x4, 2x6, and 2x8. rough 3,200 

2x10 and 2x12, S & E, to 1% 2,600 



142 YELLOW PINK INSPECTION. 



2x10 and 2x12, rough 3,200 

2x14 and 3x12, S & E 2,800 

2x14 and 3x12, rough 3,500 

4x4 and 6x6, S & E 2,700 

4x4 and 6x8, rough 3,500 

8x8 and over, rough 4,000 

For all % inch stock add 150 pounds to the weight 
shown for l | inch. 

SCHEDULE "B." 

Pounds. 

Flooring, {$ 2,300 

If, Hollow Backed 2,100 

Ceiling, % inch 1,000 

i/> " 1,300 

% " 1,600 

% «' ,...o, , 2,000 

Bev. siding from inch stock 1,000 

Hi-inch stock 1,500 

Drop " H, 6-inch stock 2,300 

Moulded casings and base 2,300 

Finishing, S 2 S 2,800 

Shiplap and D. & M 2,500 

Grooved Roofing 2,600 

Common boards and fencing, S 1 S or 2 S 2,800 

rough 3,200 

2x4, 2x6 and 2x8, S 1 S & 1 E, to 1% 2,600 

2x4, 2x6 and 2x8, rough 3,200 

2x10 and 2x12, S 1 S & 1 E, to 1% 2,800 

2x10 and 2x12, rough 3,400 

4x4 and 4x6, S 1 S & 1 E 3,000 

4x4 and 4x6, rough 3,800 

6x6, 6x8 and 8x8, S 1 S 1 E 3,600 

6x6, 6x8 and 8x8, rough 4,000 

8x10 and over, rough 4,000 

For y 8 inch stock add 150 pounds to the weight shown 
for i| inch. 



YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. Ho 

YELLOW PINE INSPEC- 
TION. 



Adopted by the Georgia Saw Mill Association, June 24» 
I890. 



CLASSIFICATION. 

Flooring shall embrace four and five-quarter inches 
in thickness by 3 to 6 inches in width. For Example: 
1x3, 4, 5 and 6; 1V4X3, 4, 5 and 6. 

Boards shall embrace all thicknesses under 1% inches 
by 7 inches and up wide, including 1^ inches in thick- 
ness, by 7 in width. For Example: %, 1, l 1 /^ and IV2 
inches thick, by 7 inches and up wide. 

Scantling 1 shall embrace all sizes from 2 to 5 inches 
in thickness, and 2 to 6 inches in width. For Example: 
2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x5, 2x6; 3x3, 3x4, 3x5, 3x6; 4x4, 4x5, 
4x6; 5x5, 5x6. 

Plank shall embrace all sizes from IY2 to 6 inches in 
thickness, bv 7 inches and up in width. For Example: 
I1/2, 2, 2V2, 3, 31/2, 4, 41/2, 5 and 5V 2 x7 and up wide. 

Dimension Sifces shall embrace all sizes 6 inches and 
up in thickness, by 7 inches and up in width, including 
6x6. For Example: 6x6,6x7; 7x7,7x8; 8x8, 8x9 and up. 

Stepping shall embrace 1 to 2^ inches in thickness, 
by 7 inches and up in with. For Example: 1, 1^4, 1^2, 2 
and 2Vfcx7 and up wide. 

Rough I£dge or Flitch shall embrace all sizes 1 
inch and up in thickness, by 8 inches and up in width, 
sawed on two sides only. For Example: 1, IV2, 2, 3, 4 
and up thick, by 8 and up wide, sawed on two sides 
only. 

SQUARE-EDGED OR STANDARD INSPECTION. 

Flooring shall show no wane, shall be free from 
through or round shakes, or knots exceeding 1^ inches 
in diameter, or more than 6 in a board; sap no ob- 
jection. 



l-±4 YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 



Boards shall show no wane, shall be free from round 
or through shakes, large or unsound knots; sap no 
objection. 

Scantling 1 shall be free from injurious shakes, unsound 
knots or knots to impair strength; sap no objection. 

Plank shall be free from unsound knots, wane, 
through or round shakes; sap no objection. 

Dimension Sises. — Sap no objection; no wane edges, 
no shakes to show on outside of stick. 

All Stock to be well and truly manufactured, lull to 
sizes and saw butted. 

MERCHANTABLE INSPECTION. 

Flooring shall show one heart face, regardless of sap 
on opposite side, free from through or round shakes or 
knots exceeding 1 inch in diameter, or more than four in 
a board on the face side. 

Boards 9 inches and under wide shall show one heart 
face and two-thirds heart on opposite side; over 9 inches 
wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, all free 
from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart, free from 
injurious shakes or unsound knots. 

Plank 9 inches and under wide shall show one heart 
face and two-thirds heart face on opposite side; over 9 
inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, 
all free from round or through shakes, large or unsound 
knots. 

Dimension Sizes.— All square lumber shall show 
two-thirds heart on two sides, and not less than one- 
half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show 
two-thirds heart on faces, and show heart two-thirds of 
the length on edges, excepting where the width exceeds 
the thickness by 3 inches or over, then it shall show heart 
on the edges for one-hall the length. 

Stepping shall show three corners heart, free from 
shakes and all knots exceeeding half an inch in diameter, 
and not more than six in a board. 

Rough Edge or Flitch shall be sawed from good 
heart timber, and shall be measured in the middle, on 
the narrow face, free from injurious shakes or unsound 
knots. 



YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 145 

All Stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to 
sizes and saw butted. 

PRIME INSPECTION. 

Flooring shall show one entire heart face and two- 
thirds heart on the opposite side, clear of splits, shakes 
or knots exceeding 1 inch in diameter, or more than four 
in a board. 

Boards shall show one heart face, and two-thirds 
heart on opposite side, free from shakes or large and un- 
sound knots. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart, and not to 
exceed 1 inch of sap on fourth corner, measured diagon- 
ally, free from heart shakes, large or unsound knots. 

Plank shall show one entire heart face; on opposite 
face not exceeding one-sixth its width of sap on each 
corner, free from unsound knots, through or round 
shakes; sap to be measured on face. 

Dimension Sifce. — On all square sizes the sap on each 
corner shall not exceed one-sixth the width of the face. 
When the width does not exceed the thickness by 3 
inches, to show half heart on narrow faces the entire 
length; exceeding 3 inches, to show heart on narrow 
faces the entire length; sap on wide faces to be measured 
as on square sizes. 

Rough I£dge or Flitch shall be measured in the 
middle on narrow face, inside of sap, free from shakes or 
unsound knots. 

CLEAR INSPECTION. 

Flooring, Stepping and Boards shall be free from 
knots, sap, pitch and all other defects. 

Scantling shall be free of sap, large knots and other 
defects, 

Plank shall be free of sap, large knots and other 
defects. 

Dimension Sifces shall be free from sap, large or un- 
sound knots, shakes through or round. 

DESIGNATIONS OF THE TRADE. 

Re-sawed I/umber — Lumber sawn on lour sides. 
Rough Edge or Flitch — Lumber sawn on two sides, 
Timber — Hewn only. 



146 YELLOW PIXE INSPECTION. 



WESTERN INSPECTION. 

DRESSED AND MATCHED FLOORING. 

No. I. — Well and truly manufactured; free of knots, 
shakes and blue sap; may contain all bright sap; no per 
cent of heart or rift guaranteed. 

Standard. — Well manufactured; can contain not over 
three knots 1 inch and under in diameter, and three 
small abrased surface spots not over 1 inch in diameter 
to a piece; can contain all bright sap; free of shakes and 
bark edges on face. 

Common. — Well manufactured; knots no objection; 
not over lour abrased places to a piece. No objection to 
blue sap; free of shakes and bark edges that will show- 
when laid. 

Culls shall embrace all not included in other grades; 
must be fairly worked so as to lay without showing 
cracks or knot holes. 

Flooring" shall be 1 inch and 1*4 inches thick by 3V6, 
4, 4^/o and 5 inches rough, and 12, 14 and 16 feet long. 
It shall finish when dressed Vs inch under thickness and 
V2 inch less than width. 

CEILING. 

Ceiling' shall be classed as Flooring, and shall consist 
of V2, %, % and % inches thick, and same widths as 
Flooring when worked, and shall measure 1 inch thick 
by y 2 inch over face. Rough Flooring and Ceiling Strips 
shall be classed as D. & M. Flooring, and embrace same 
thickness, width and length. 

FINISHING LUMBER 

Shall embrace all sizes from 1 to 2 inches thick by 6 
inches and up wide, and 12, 14 and 16 feet long, classed 
as follows: 

No. 1.— One face free of knots, shakes and blue sap; 
bright sap no objection; kiln checks no objection. 

Standard. — Sound, square edge; each piece may con- 
tain three sound knots 1 inch and under in diameter; 
must be free of shakes; kiln checks no objection; must 
be bright sap. 

Common. — Sound, square edge on face side, free from 
unsound knots and through shakes; each piece may con- 



GEORGIA CYPRESS CLASSIFICATION. 147 

tain three black knots 1 inch and under in diameter; 
kiln checks no objection; blue sap no objection. 

Any grades not included in Georgia Saw Mill Associa- 
tion rules shall be subject to special contract in writing- 
bet ween purchaser and seller, and when accepted by 
seller shall be inspected by sworn inspector, according 
to the terms of the contract. 

Estimated weights of lumber endorsed by the Georgia 
Saw Mill Association, June 24, 1890: 

lbs. per 1,000 ft. 

y 2 inch Ceiling and Weather Boards 1 300 

% " " 1,600 

% " " 2,000 

% " Flooringand Ceiling 2,500 

1 " Dry Boards, dressed one side 2,800 

1 " " " two sides 2,600 

1 " " rough 3.000 

1^4, IY2, 1% and 2 in. Drv D, dressed one side 3,200 

two sides 3,000 

" rough 3,500 

All other Dry Lumber, rough 3,500 

All Green Lumber, rough 4,500 

Laths, Green 530 pounds to 1,000 

Shingles, Green 350 

Laths. Dry 450 " " 

Shingles, Dry 300 

Classification of Cypress Lumber endorsed by the 
Georgia Saw Mill Association: 

All Cypress Lumber will be classified according to the 
specifications indicated below, as Choice, Prime, Mer- 
chantable, Narrow, Box Stuff and Cullings. 

It will be sawed 1-16 of an inch more than the thick- 
ness indicated, to allow for shrinkage and loss in becom- 
ing seasoned and in dressing. 

The length of Choice, Prime and Merchantable will 
run from 10 feet and upward, and the width from 7 
inches and upwards, unless otherwise specified. 

Choice will be free of sap and perfectly clear of all 
defects. 

Prime. — Square edged, sDund, one heart face, the 
other face two-thirds heart. Choice and Prime are sold 
together, there being no defects in either grade, except 
the little sap allowed on the Prime. 

Merchantable.— Square edged, one face three-fourths 
heart, and show heart on other face. 

Narrow or Clear Sidings or Tank Stuff will run 



148 PENSACOLA INSPECTION. 



from 4 to 6 inches inclusive, and will be sound, square 
edged and free from sap or other defects. 

Sidings will be 1 full inch thickness and any width 
that may be made, regardless of sap. 

Cullings. — Any Cypress not admissible to the above 
classes will be sold according to its merits. 



PENSACOLA INSPECTION 



Classification of Pitch Pine Re-sawn dumber, Sawn and 
Hewn Timber, Adopted by the Pensacola Lumber and 
Timber Exchange. 

DEALS. 

Classes. — Prime, Standard Rio, Merchantable and 
Stowage. 

Sizes. — 3 inches to 6x9 inches and up. 

Prime must be square edge, one heart face, two-thirds 
heart surface on other face; to show heart the entire 
length, free from injurious shakes and through splits, and 
knots exceeding 2 inches in diameter. 

Standard Rio must be square edge, one heart face, 
two-thirds heart surface on other face; to show heart 
the entire length, free from injurious shakes and through 
splits. Lengths, 14 feet and up. 

Merchantable must be square edge, one heart face, 
and show heart on other face, free from through shakes 
and through splits. 

Stowage must be square edge, free from through 
shakes and through splits. 

SCANTLING. 

Classes. — Prime and Merchantable. 

Sizes. — 2 inches to 9 3 /i inches by 2 inches and up, ex- 
cept sizes included under Deals and Plank; provided, that 
Deals 4V<> inches and up thick, when included in bills of 
Scantling or Dimension Stuff, may be inspected as Scant- 
ling. 

Prime must be one face all heart, one face all heart 
two-thirds of the length, the other third of that face 



PENSACOLA INSPECTION. 149 



two-thirds heart at every point, and one other face to 
show heart, free from through splits and through shakes 
and injurious knots; provided, that sizes 7 inches and up 
by 7 inches and up, instead of heart as above stated, 
may have two-thirds heart surface on each face, showing 
heart the entire length. 

Merchantable must be square edge, show heart on 
two faces the en tire length, free from through shakes and 
through splits. 

DIMENSION STUFF. 

Classes.— Prime and Merchantable. 

Si^es. — 10 inches and up by 10 inches and up. 

Prime must be square edge, two-thirds heart surface 
on each face, showing heart the entire length, free from 
injurious shakes and through splits. 

Merchantable must show heart on each face; may 
show wane on two corners not exceeding 15 inches long 
to each 12 feet in length, 1 inch wide on 10x10, and 
wider in proportion on larger sizes, free from injurious 
shakes and through splits. 

PLANK AND BOARDS. 

Classes. — Stepping, Prime and Merchantable. 

Sifces. — 1 inch to 2% inches by 7 inches and up. 

Stepping" must be square edge, one heart face, the 
other face two-thirds heart surface; to show heart the 
entire length; provided, that where one edge is sap the 
edge at the opposite point must be heart; to be entirelv 
free from shakes and splits, not to have more than two 
knots V2 inch in diameter, or one knot % of an inch in di- 
ameter, to each 12 feet in length; provided, that 50 per 
cent shall be clear of knots. 

Prime must be square edge, one heart face, two-thirds 
heart surface on other face; to show heart the entire 
length, free from through shakes and through splits, not 
to have more than two knots 1^4 inches in diameter in 
sizes under 1V 2 inches thick, or two knots 1M$ inches in 
diameter in sizes 1V£ inches and up thick, to each 12 feet 
in length. 

Merchantable must be square edge, one heart face, 
and show heart on other face, free from through shakes 
and through splits; provided, that sizes 11 inches and 



150 PENSACOLA INSPECTION. 



up wide may show sap on one edge of best face not ex- 
ceeding 1Y2 inches wide at any one place. 

FLOORING. 

Classes.— Boston, Prime and Merchantable. 

Si^es. — 1 inch, 1V4 inches and l 1 /^ inches by 3 inches to 

6 inches. 

Boston must be square edge, all heart, with exception 
of small streaks of sap on one side not exceeding 2 inches 
wide at anyone point, free from shakes and splits, not to 
have more than two knots V2 inch in diameter, or one 
knot % of an inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in length; 
provided, that 70 per cent shall be clear of knots. 

Prime must be square edge, one heart face, and show- 
heart the entire length on other face, free from splits and 
shakes, not to have more than two knots % of an inch 
in diameter, or one knot 1 inch in diameter, to each 12 
feet in length. 

Merchantable must be square edge, one heart lace, 
with exception of V2 inch sap on one edge of best face, 
free from splits and through shakes and knots exceeding 
li/4 inches in diameter. 

SIDINGS. 

Classes.— Prime, Merchantable and Sap. 
Sizes. — 1 inch and 1*4 inches by 3 inches and up, 3 
inches to 6 inches wide being designated as Narrow, and 

7 inches and up as Wide. 

Prime must be square edge, one heart face, and same 
allowance for knots as Merchantable, free from splits 
and through shakes. 

Merchantable must be square edge; sap shall be al- 
lowed on best face regardless of sap on other face, as fol- 
lows: In Narrow Sidings, % inch sap shall be allowed on 
one edge of best face, and in Wide Sidings V2 inch sap on 
each edge of best face, free from through shakes and 
through splits, with following allowance for knots: In 
Narrow Sidings two knots 1 inch in diameter, or three 
knots !/2 inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in length, and 
in Wide Sidings two knots lVs inches in diameter, or 
three knots % of an inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in 
length; provided, that 60 per cent shall be clear of knots. 

Sap must be square edge, free from through shakes 



PENSACOLA INSPECTION. 15i 



and through splits, and same allowance for knots as 
Merchantable. 

All lumber must be sound, evenly sawn, square butted 
with saw, free from unsound, loose and hollow knots. 
The limitation as to size and number of knots refers to 
the best face. The distribution of knots need not be pro- 
portionate, i.e., two knots to each 12 feet means that a 
piece 24 feet long may have four knots anywhere in the 
piece, and not two knots to each separate 12 feet. 

The allowance for knots in Flooring, Plank and Boards 
is for the narrowest width of each division. The number 
may be increased in proportion to the width. In Step- 
ping, "Flooring and Sidings, sound knots one-fourth the 
diameter of the maximum knot, and in Prime Plank and 
Boards, one-half the diameter of the maximum knot, 
shall not be considered. In measurement of knots the 
average diameter must be taken. Unless otherwise speci- 
fied, lumber shall be 12 feet and up long. The term Re- 
sawn Lumber shall include all of the sizes above men- 
tioned. The general distinction between Sawn Timber 
and Dimension Stuff is that Dimension Stuff is generally 
bought and sold by the thousand superficial feet, and is 
usually a part of a schedule including several other 
kinds of Re-sawn Lumber. Sawn Timber generally is 
bought and sold by the cubic foot, the price being based 
on the cubic average, and is generally shipped in cargo 
lots or as a part of a cargo of Hewn Timber or Deals. 

SAWN TIMBER. 

Classes.— "A." and "B." 

Class "A." must be sound, square butted with saw, 
square edge and well made, free from injurious shakes 
and unsound knots, showing heart the entire length on 
two faces, and showing heart on the other two faces. 

Class "B." must be sound, square butted with saw, 
and well made, free from injurious shakes and unsound 
knots, showing heart on each face; may have slight 
places of wane not exceeding 1 inch across in the widest 
place by not exceeding one-third the length of the piece 
in the aggregate, and not exceeding 2 inches across in 
the widest place by not exceeding 3 feet in length, and 
the total number of such places of wane not to exceed 
one, as above mentioned, on any one corner. 



152 MOBILE SAWED CYPRESS SHINGLE INSPECTION. 



HEWN TIMBER. 

Classes.— "A. 2.," "B. 1. Good" and "B. 1." 

"A 2." must be sound, straight, well manufactured, 
free from unsound knots and injurious shakes; to show 
heart the entire length on all sides; may taper 1 inch to 
20 feet in length, and may show places of wane 1^ 
inches in width and not to exceed 6 feet in length at top 
end. 

"B i. Good" may have 1 inch sweep to each 20 feet in 
length, one way only, on not exceeding 15 per cent of the 
mimber of pieces in anyone raft; must be sound, well 
manufactured, free from unsound knots and injurious 
shakes; to show heart on two sides the entire length, and 
on other two sides % of the length; may taper 1 inch to 
20 feet in length, and may show places of wane 2 inches 
in width, and not to exceed 10 feet in length at top end. 

"B I." may have 1 inch sweep or crook to each 10 
feet in length, one way only, on not exceeding 15 per cent 
as above; must be sound, well manufactured, free from 
unsound knots and injurious shakes; to show one-half 
heart on all sides; may taper IY2 inches to 20 feet in 
length, and may show places of wane 2 inches in width 
and 2 feet long at one place, provided wane at the top 
end shall be allowed 8 feet in length. 

All timber to be square butted and free from splinter 
draws. 



MOBILE SAWED CYPRESS 
SHINGLE INSPECTION. 



Authorized by the Mobile, Ala., Shingle Exchange. 



Best, or No. I. — A Dimension Shingle, each width 
separately bunched, 16 inches long, %-inch thick at butt, 
all heart, free of shakes, knots or other defects. 

Prime, or No. 2.— A Dimension Shingle, each width 
separately bunched, 16 inches long, %-inch thick at butt, 



MOBILE CYPRESS LOG MEASUREMENT. 153 



admitting tight knots and sap, free of shakes and other 
defects. . . 

Clipper shall admit of anything worth packing not 
in above brands. 

Measurement taken on green shingles, some slight 
shrinkage in seasoning. 

All shingles are sold by measurement, i. e., every 4 
inches in width counting as one shingle, and four bundles 
to the 1,000. 



MOBILE CYPRESS LOG 
MEASUREMENT. 



Adopted by the Mobile, Ala., Shingle Exchange, April g, 
1890. 

1. All logs 30 feet and over in length, the diameter to 
be taken in the middle. 

2. All logs less than 30 feet in length, to be measured 
at the top or blossom end. 

3. Where logs are cut up in the limbs, the length is to 
be taken from where the limbs begin; and if the log is 30 
feet or more in length from this point, the diameter is to 
be taken hali-way from this point to the butt ; but if the 
log is under 30 feet, the diameter to be taken where the 
limbs begin. 

4. If any defects are found in the top or blossom end of 
a log that has been cut up in the limbs, the deduction 
for same shall be taken from the length of the log as ob- 
tained by rule 3. 

5. For all logs 32 feet or longer, with a peck 6 inches or 
more, or with a hollow 6 inches or more in diameter, de- 
ductions to be made as follows: For logs with defect at 
one end, 16 feet; for logs with defects at both ends, one- 
half of length. 

6. For logs under 32 feet, deduct one-half of length for 
defect at one or both ends. 

7. A deduction of 2 inches to be made from the dia- 



1")4 CYPRESS LUMBER CLASSIFICATION. 



meter of all logs, whether they have bark on them or 
not. 

8. Logs wormed, rotten or sap-damaged from any 
other cause, a deduction of 5 inches to be made from 
the diameter, whether the log has bark or not. 

Logs without 8 inches of sound timber at either end, 
to be condemned. 

10. Small logs with defects, however small, must have 
6 inches of sound timber around the defect; otherwise, 
deductions must be made as provided for in rule 5. 

11. Old logs with sun cracks, deduction from diameter 
to be made according to the judgment of the Inspector, 
but in no case less than 5 inches. 



CYPRESS LUMBER CLASSI- 
FICATION. 



Used by the Cypress Mills at Mobile and Stockton, Ala. 



All Cypress Lumber will be classified according to the 
specifications indicated below, as Choice, Prime, Mer- 
chantable, Narrow, Sidings and Cullings. 

It will be sawed one-sixteenth of an inch more than 
the thickness indicated, to allow for shrinkage and loss 
in becoming seasoned and in dressing. 

The length of Choice, Prime and Merchantable will 
run from 10 feet and upward, and the width from 8 
inches and upward, unless otherwise specified. 

Choice will be free of sap and perfectly clear of all 
defects. 

Prime. — Square edged, sound, one heart face, the other 
face two-thirds heart. Choice and Prime are sold to- 
gether, there being no defects in either grade except the 
little sap allowed on the Prime. 

Merchantable. — Square edged, one face three-fourths 
heart, and show heart on other face. 

Narrow will run from 4 to 7 inches inclusive, and 



NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



155 



will be sound, square-edged and free from sap or other 
defects. 

Sidings will be 1 full inch thickness and any width 
that may be made, regardless of sap. 

Callings.— Any Cypress not admissible to the above 
classes will be sold according to its merits. 



NORTHWESTERN HARD- 
WOOD INSPECTION. 



Adopted by the Northwestern Hardwood Lumberman's 
Association for the St. Paul, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 
and Wisconsin Markets. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS. 

Inspectors must measure lumber as they find it except 
as to wanes and bad ends, which must be measured out. 

In hardwood inspection the inspector is instructed to 
use his best judgment, based upon the general rules for 
his guidance. 

The Standard Knot shall not exceed l 1 ^ inches in 
diameter, and must be of a sound character. 

Splits are not to exceed one-fifth the length of the 
piece in seconds. 

" Standard lengths shall be 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 
20 feet, but not more than ten per cent of 10-foot lum- 
ber shall be admissible in any lot. 

Standard Thickness shall be 1, 1%, 1%, 2, 2%, 3, 
3V 2 and 4 inches. 

All lumber should be sawed plump thickness. Thin 
lumber is not considered marketable, and must be re- 
duced to the next standard thickness, or at least one 
grade lower on account of thinness. 

A shipping cull shall be deemed to be a cull which shall 
cut at least fifty per cent clear lumber, either from one 
or both edges, and not less than 3 inches in width; or if 
the blemishes are in the length, then fifty per cent of the 
piece must be clear lumber of full width and in pieces not 
less than 2V 2 feet in length. The rule is not to apply to 



156 NORTHWK.^TKRN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



Basswood and Elm. Bass wood and Elm in this grade 
must cut fifty per cent sound. 

A Cull which will not work o.ie-half of its size without 
waste is a Mdl Cull of no recognized value. 

Badly sawed, mis-sawed and uneven lumber, shall be 
reduced in grade sufficiently to equalize the loss from the 
defective sawing. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes, such as Axles. 
Bolsters, Tongues, Reaches, Newels, Balusters, Squares, 
etc., must be inspected with a view to the adaptability 
of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases it 
cannot be used for other purposes. 

In inspecting the grade of Firsts and Seconds an un- 
due predominance of Seconds should always be judi- 
ciously ascertained, as the purchaser is entitled to the 
full average in grades, which must not comprise more 
than- 66% per cent of Seconds. 

Mixed I/OtS, containing boards, planks, flooring, 
bolsters, reaches, etc., shall be measured and inspected 
according to the rules governing the measurement and 
inspection of boards and planks, unless otherwise agreed 
between buyer and seller. 

Hickory should never be cut when the sap is rising, 
as it is then liable to powder-post, and indications of 
deteriorations of this character should be carefully 
scrutinized. 

Newels from all kinds of timber must be clean and free 
from heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches plump. 
The lengths must be 4 feet full, or the multiplies thereof. 

Balusters and Table Legs should be clear and square 
2x2, 2y 2 x2V2, 3x3 and 4x4, 24 to 32 inches long, as con- 
tracted for. 

Newels, Balusters and Table Legs not coming up to 
the grade of clear shall be classed as Cull. 

Counter Tops shall be 12 feet and over long, 1, 1%, 
YV2 inches thick, and must be strictly clear, not less than 
20 inches wide. 

Bolsters must be '4 feet, 4 feet 6 inches, or multiples 
thereof in length and the size must be 3x4, 3M>x4 1 / £, 
3Kx5, or 4x5 inches. 

Reaches must be 2x4 or 2V£x4V2 inches, and the 
lengths 8, 10, 12 and 16 feet. 



NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 157 

Harrow Timber must be 2 1 / 2 x2 1 / 2 inches, and the 
lengths 5, 10 and 14 feet. 

Hickory Axles must be clear and in lengths of 6 or 
12 feet for sizes 3Vfex4V&, 4x5, 4x6 and 4> 2 'x6, and 7 or 
14 feet for 5x6 and 5x7 on special order, cut from sound, 
tough butt logs. 

Wagon Tongues must be clear and straight, 2x4 at 
small end and 4x4 at the butt end, or 2 1 /2x4 1 4 at small 
end and 4^x4V£ at butt end, 12 feet long, from straight- 
grained timber. 

Bolsters, Reaches, Harrow Timber, Hickory Axles and 
Wagon Tongues not up to the grade of Clear will be 
classed as Cull. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in 
width, square edged and with square ends. Tapering 
lumber shall be measured at small end. Ordinary- 
season checks are not considered defects. 

Squares shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7 and 8x8 inches. 

Stain, pecks, hearts, shakes, rot, worm-holes, etc., are 
considered serious defects, reducing the lumber to grades 
lower than first and seconds. 

I/Og run is always understood to be the unpicked run 
of the logs — mill culls out. 

RED AND WHITE OAK, ASH, BASSWOOD, BIRCH, MAPLE, ELM 
AND BUTTERNUT. 

Firsts shall be eight inches wide and over, free from 
defects of every kind or nature. 

Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over, but clear to 
8 inches; defects may be allowed equivalent to onestand- 
ard knot, and at 10 inches two knots and an allowance 
of more defects may be made in proportion to increased 
widths. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may 
be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. Thick plank may contain sound hearts if well 
boxed. 

Any board below the grade of common shall be a cull; 
and a shipping cull shall work at least 50 per cent with- 
out waste. 



158 NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 

Mill Culls shall consist of bad heart pieces, wormy 
or generally unsound lumber that will not work 50 per 
cent without waste. 

First and Second Flooring Strips shall be 3, 4 
and 6 inches wide, 1 inch thick. First shall have one 
side and two edges clear. Seconds will admit of one 
standard knot or a defect equivalent to same, not to 
exceed a waste often per cent of the whole piece. 

Common Flooring must work sound at least 75 per 
cent, of its length. 

Common and better shall be construed to mean the run 
of the Logs, Culls and Mill Culls out, and in Red Oak 
shall contain at least 65 per cent of firsts and seconds 
and not over 35 per cent of commons; and in White Oak, 
Ash, Bass wood, Birch, Maple and Elm not less than 50 
per cent, of firsts and seconds, and not over 50 per cent, 
of common. 

Selected Red Birch shall run as follows: No board 
less than two-thirds red on its face or heart side. 

POPLAR AND WHITEWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of First and Sec- 
onds Common and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must not be !less than 8 inches 
in width, and clear up to 10 inches. Boards or plank 10 
to 12 inches wide may have two standard knots, but no 
other defects; or may have bright sap not over 3 inches 
in width at any place or in the aggregate, and no other 
other defects. Boards and plank over 14 inches wide 
may have two standard knots and 4 inches of bright 
sap. Boards and plank free of other defects may be 
one-half bright sap, if over 12 inches wide. 

Common shall include aii3^ width not less than 6 
inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and 
knots beyond those described in firsts and seconds. Two 
unsound standard knots will be allowed in this grade, if 
over 12 inches wide, and splits shall not be considered a 
defect. Otherwise lumber must be sound. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes having more 
defects than described in common, whether in the number 
or character of the knots, badly checked, and generally 
such lumber as is unfit for ordinary purposes. 



NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 159 

Box Boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, from 13 
to 17 inches wide, free from all defects, except may be 
one-half bright sap. 

Poplar Strips may be full 6 inches wide, 1 and 1^ 
inches thick, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. Sound clear may 
be one-half bright sap on sap side, and have one sound 
knot not over % inch in diameter. Common shall em- 
brace all sound strips with more defects than second 
clear. Culls shall contain all unsound strips that will 
work to one-half its contents and all tapering strips. 

Chair Plank must be sound and free of heart and 
large knots, and sawed full width and thickness as 
ordered. 

Common Flooring Boards and Strips must be of 
the same size and general character as firsts and seconds 
clear, but may have two or three small sound knots of 
not more than three-fourths of an inch in diameter, or a 
small wane on one edge which will not injnre it for 
working to its full size. 

Step Plank, firsts and seconds clear, must not be less 
than 10 inches wide and 1, 1^, 1% and 2 inches thick; 
free from all defects on one side, except 2 inches of bright 
sap. 

Wagon Bottoms must be 1 inch full thick, 6, 8, 10 
and 12 inches wide, 1 1 feet long. Must be good, sound 
lumber, Blue Sap or standard knots, without regard to 
number, being no objection if .knots are not on edge. 

Timber and Joists must be square edge and have 
no defects that will impair the strength of the piece ior 
purposes intended. 

HICKORY AND PECAN. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and 
over. At 8 inches one, and at 10 inches two standard 
knots or bright sap may be allowed. An allowance for 
more defects of this character may be made in propor- 
tion to increased width. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one, and at 8 inches two standard knots maybe 



160 NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
acter may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts, Seconds, 
Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and 
over. At 8 inches one inch of sap or one standard kn'ot, 
and at 10 inches two inches of sap or two standard 
knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects 
of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall 
include all lumber not up to the grade of firsts and 
seconds, but available full three-fourths of its size with- 
out waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

CHERRY. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches may have one inch of sap or one standard 
knot, and at 10 inches two inches of sap or two standard 
knots. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide and shall in- 
clude all lumber not up to the grade of firsts and seconds, 
but available -full three-fourths of its size for use, with- 
out waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

[Note — Gum spots are considered a serious defect, and 
when the damage exceeds one-sixth of the size of the 
piece, shall reduce it to the grade of common. When the 
damage exceeds one-third of the size of the piece, it shall 
be reduced to cull.] 



NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 161 



BEECH AND SYCAMORE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of First and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

First and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over wide, and 
may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use with- 
out waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two stand- 
ard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more de- 
fects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

CHESTNUT. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches may have one inch of sap or one standard 
knot, and at 10 inches two inches of sap or two standard 
knots. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches 
one inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 8 inches 
two inches of sap or two standard knots may be allowed. 
An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 

COTTONWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one. and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased width. 
Bright Sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one, and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 



162 NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



acter may be made in proportion to increased width. 
Slightly discolored sap is allowed. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

In Chair Plank, Cross-Splits and Heart Shakes are the 
only defects considered. 

gum. • 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one standard knot, and at 10 inches two 
standard knots and 2 inches of bright sap may be al- 
lowed on boards over 14 inches. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Common shall include all lumber available for use full 
three-fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts 
and unsound lumber. Bright or slightly discolored Sap 
may be included in this grade. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

cypress. 

Boards and planks shall be in lengths 12, 14 or 16 feet, 
1, 1%, IV2, 2, 2V 2 , 3, 31/2 or 4 inches thick, and be classed 
Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 8 inches and over wide, 
and clear up to 10 inches; at 10 inches and over may 
have two standard knots and three inches of Bright 
Sap. Free of other defects may be one-half Bright Sap. 

Common will contain all sound lumber under Second 
class and all shaky lumber that is available three-fourths. 

Cull shall comprise all unsound lumber that is availa- 
ble one-half. 

Shakes and pecks are always a damage in Cypress and 
should be closely scrutinized. 

Strips must be 12, 14 or 16 feet long, 1 inch thick by 
6 inches wide, unless otherwise ordered, and be classed 
as Firsts and Seconds, Common and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds will allow one sound knot 3 A 
inch in diameter or in place thereof be one-half sap on 
sap side. 



NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 163 



Common will comprise sound pieces below Firsts and 
Seconds or pieces all sap. 

Cull all unsound pieces available one-half. 

ROUGH SOUTHERN OR YELLOW PINE. 

Inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, 
Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 8 inches wide andover 
(except flooring), free from defects except Bright Sap, or 
two small sound knots not over three-fourths of an inch 
in diameter. 

Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade 
of Firsts and Seconds, but free from shakes, large knots, 
or unsouad lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

Firsts and Seconds Clear Flooring boards and 
strips must be free from all defects except Bright Sap, 
which is allowable. Blue Sap is excluded. 

QUARTER-SAWED HARDWOOD LUMBER — OAK, SYCAMORE, 
ETC. 

The inspection grades shall consists of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 5 inches wide and over. 
At 7 inches one, and at 9 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more«defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 4 inches and over wide. A t 6 inches 
one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. 
An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

RED CEDAR. 

Red Cedar should be sold log run to be measured for 
what it can be worked for. Lengths and widths are no 
defects. Caution should be used in determining defects. 

Note — Inspectors are authorized to measure and in- 
spect all kinds of hardwood lumber that are not in- 
cluded in these rules, according to the rule governing the 
inspection of Hard and Soft Maple, 



164 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 



ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 



Rules for Inspection and Measurement of Lumber in the 
St. I#ouis Market, Adopted June 38, 1893. 



INSTKUC1IONS TO INSPECTORS. 

Inspectors of lumber are not manufacturers, and must 
measure and inspect lumber as they find it, of lull length 
and width (except as to wane, which must be measured 
out or inspected in a lower grade), making no allowance 
for the purpose of raising grade unless so instructed by 
the buyer and seller. 

In Hardwood inspection the Inspector is instructed to 
use his best judgment, based upon the rules for his guid 
ance. 

The Standard Knot shall not exceed 1^4 inches in 
diameter, and must be of a sound character. 

Splits are always more or less damage to a piece of 
lumber. An allowance must be made either in deter- 
mining the quality or quantity, according to the nature 
of the split. A split extending to exceed 1 foot will re 
duce it to one grade lower. 

All lumber should be sawed plump thickness. Thin 
lumber is not considered marketable, and must be re- 
duced to the next standard thickness, or at least one 
grade lower on account of thinness. Miscut lumber 
must be placed in grade lower than face showing, and 
badly miscut classed as Cull. 

A Cull which will not work one-half its size without 
waste, is a Mill Cull of no recognized value. 

When lumber or timber does not come up to grade or 
contract, it must be placed in the next lower grade 
named. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes, such as Axles, 
Bolsters, Tongues, Reaches, Newels, Balusters, Squares, 
etc., must be inspected with a view to the adaptability 
of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases, it can 
not be used for other purposes. 

In inspecting the grade of Firsts and Seconds, an un- 
due preponderance ot Seconds should always be judi- 



ST. I.OUIS INSPECTION. 165 



ciously ascertained, as the purchaser is entitled to the 
full average in grade, which must not comprise more 
than 66% per cent of Seconds. 

Standard I/engths are always recognized as being 
12, 14 and 16 feet. Shorter than 12 and longer than 16 
feet does not come within the range of Standard. In 
Black Walnut and Cherry an exception is made, and 10 
feet is recognized as a standard length. Shorter or 
longer than standard lengths in all varieties of Hard- 
wood lumber, except in Counter Tops, are to be reduced 
one grade lower, unless otherwise agreed between buyer 
and seller. 

Mixed Lots, containing Boards, Planks, Flooring, 
Bolsters, Reaches, etc., shall be measured and inspected 
according to the rules governing the measurement and 
inspection of Boards and Planks, unless otherwise 
agreed between buyer and seller. 

Flooring Strips should be 4 and 6 inches in width, 
1 and li/4 inches in thickness. Other widths and thick- 
ness shall be designated as special sizes. It must have 
one face and two edges clear. 

Common Flooring Strips shall be of the same size 
and general character as Clear, but may have two small 
sound knots not exceeding % of an inch in diameter, 
or a small amount of wane on one edge which will not 
injure it for working to its full size. 

Hickory should never be cut while the sap is rising, 
as it is then liable to powder post, and indications of de- 
terioration of this character should be carefully scrutin- 
ized. 

Newels from all kinds of timber must be clear and free 
from heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches, plump. 
The length must be 4 feet, full, or multiplies thereof. 

Balusters and Table tegs shall be clear and 
square, 2x2, 2 1 / 2 x2 1 / 2 , 3x3, and 4x4, 32 inches long. 

Newels, Balusters and Table Legs, not coming up to 
the grade of Clear, shall be classed as Cull. 

Counter Tops shall be 12 feet and over long, 1, 1*4 
and 1V£ inches thick, and must be strictly clear, not less 
than 20 inches wide. 

Clear Lumber shall be 1 inches wide and over, free 
from all defects of every kind or nature. 



166 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 



Bolsters must be 4 feet and 4 feet and 6 inches in 
lengths and the size must be 3x4, 31/2x41/2, 4x5, 4^2x5Vo 
and 5x6 inches. 

Reaches must be 2x4, 8, 9 and 10 feet long, or 2i4x 
4% inches, and 12 and 16 feet long. 
7 Harrow Timber must be 2 1 /2x2 1 / 2 inches, and the 
lengths 5,10 and 14 feet. 

Hickory Axles must be clear, and in lengths of 6 teet 
and 6 inches, up to and including sizes 4x5, and for sizes 
4V 2 x5M, 5x6 and 6x7, must be 6 feet and 6 inches and 7 
feet long and cut from sound, tough butt-cut logs. 

Wagon Tongues must be clear and straight, 2x4 at 
small end, and 3V 2 x4 or 4x4 at butt end, 12 feet long, 
and cut from tough, straight-grained timber. 

Bolsters, Reaches, Harrow limber, Hickory Axles, and 
Wagon Tongues, not up to the grade of Clear, will be 
classed as Cull. 

Standard Thicknesses shall be 1, U£, IK, 2, 2V 2 , 3 
and 4 inches, except pcplar, which will allow %-inch, %- 
inch and %-inch in car lots. 

Any lumber sold in this market, otherwise than above 
grades, shall be sold straight measure, with Mill Culls 
out. 

It is important that all lumber shall be parallel in 
width, square-edged and with square ends. Tapering 
lumber should be measured at the small end. Ordinary 
season checks are not considered defects. 

Squares shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8 inches. 

Stains, specks, hearts, shakes, rot, worm-holes, etc. , are 
considered serious defects, reducing the lumber to grades 
lower than Firsts and Seconds. 

Log Run is alwa3'S understood to be the unpicked 
run of the logs— Mill Culls out. 

POPLAR AND WHITEWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must be net less than 8 inches 
in width, and clear up to 10 inches. Boards or plank 
over 10 and up to 12 inches wide may have two stand- 
ard knots, but no other defects, or may have bright sap 
not over 3 inches in width at any place or in the aggre- 
gate, and no other defects. Boards and plank over 14 



ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 167 



inches wide may have two standard knots and 4 inches 
of bright sap. Boards and plank free of other defects 
may be one-half bright sap, if over 12 inches wide, but 
must run the full length of the board. And 18 and 20 
feet may be allowed in first and second grades. 

Common shall include any width not less than 6 
inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and 
knots beyond those described in Firsts and Seconds. 
Two unsound standard knots will be allowed in this 
grade, if over 12 inches wide, and splits shall not be con- 
sidered a defect. Otherwise lumber must be sound. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes having more 
defects than described in Common, whether in the num- 
ber or character of the knots, badly checked, and gener- 
ally such lumber as is unfit for ordinary purposes. 

Box Boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, from 13 
to 17 inches wide, free from all defects, except may be 
one-half bright sap. 

Poplar Strips must be full 6 inches wide, 1 and l 1 /^ 
inches thick, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. Clear shall be 
free of all defects. Second Clear may be one-half bright 
sap on sap side, and have one sound knot not over % 
inch diameter. Common shall embrace all sound strips 
with more defects than Second Clear. Cull shall contain 
all unsound strips that will work to one-half its con- 
tents, and all tapering strips. 

POPLAR SQUARES. 

Poplar squares shall be graded as No. 1 and No. 2. 

No. I Squares. — 4x4, 5x5, 6x6 and 7x7 will admit of 
bright sap or one standard knot; 8x8, 10x10 and 12x12 
will admit of two standard knots and bright sap. 
Standard lengths to be 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet. 

No. 2 Squares. — 4x4, 5x5, 6x6 and 7x7 will admit 
. of two standard knots and sound stained sap; 8x8, 
10x10, and 12x12 will admit of standard knots and 
stained sap. Small season checks, and splits not to 
exceed 12 inches in length, allowed if there are no other 
defects. Lengths in this grade may be 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 
and 16 feet. 

All squares below the grade of No. 2, that will work 
8 feet or over, without waste, shall be graded as Culls. 

All below this grade shall be classed as Mill Culls. 



168 ST. I^OUIS INSPECTION. 

Chair Plank must be sound and free of heart and 
large knots, and sawed full width and thickness as 
ordered . 

OAK. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one, and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may 
be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. Thick plank may contain sound hearts, if well 
boxed. Heart shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not ad- 
missible. 

.Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

"Wagon Stock must be cut from good, sound, tough, 
straight-grained timber, free from knots. 

Timbers must be free from unsound knots. Sound 
hearts, not showing on the outside, will be allowed. 



The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds shall include 12, 14 and 16 feet, 
and must be 6 inches wide and over; 18 feet or longer 
shall be 5 inches wide and up. At 8 inches one and at 
10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An 
allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. Bright sap is 
no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects.of this charac- 
ter may be made in proportion, to increased width. 
Heart shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. 



ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 



169 



Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of common. 



HICKORY AND PECAN. 



The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. m 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots. 
An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to. increased width. Bright sap is 
no defect. " A 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At b 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
acter may be made in proportion to increased width. 
Heart shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. 

Cnll shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 



BLACK WALNUT. 



The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot and at 
10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall 
include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, but available full three-fourths ot its size without 
waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. Heart 
shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

CHERRY 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard 
knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard 



170 ST. EOUIS INSPECTION. 



knots. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall 
include lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, but available full three-fourths of its size for use 
without waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

Note. — Gum spots are considered a serious defect, and 
when their damage exceeds one-sixth of the size of the 
piece, shall reduce the grade to common. When their 
damage exceeds one-third the size of the piece, it shall be 
reduced to Cull. 

BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard 
knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard 
knots. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 8 
inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
acter may be made in proportion to increased width. 
Heart shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 



The inspection grades shall consist of First and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one standard knot, and at 10 inches two 
standard knots, and 2 inches of bright sap may be al- 
lowed on boards over 14 inches. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Common shall include all lumber available for use full 



ST. LOUIS INSPECTION'. 171 



three-fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts 
and unsound lumber. Bright or slightly discolored sap 
may be included in this grade. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

HARD AND SOFT MAPLE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must 6 inches wide and over 
(except flooring). At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two 
standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, 
and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use 
without waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two 
standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. Heart shakes, rot, dote and worm 
holes not admissible. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

BASSWOOD AND COTTONWOOD. 

The standard rules governing poplar are applicable to 
Bass wood and Cottonwood, excepting that bright sap 
shall be considered no defect and thin stuff does not 
apply. 

In chair plank, cross splits and heart shakes are the 
only defects considered. 

BIRCH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. Bright sap is not a defect. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width 



172 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 



and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use 
without waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two 
standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

BEECH AND SYCAMORE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over wide, and 
may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use with- 
out waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two stand- 
ard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more de- 
fects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

ELM. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. Bright sap is not a defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

QUARTER-SAWED HARDWOOD LUMBER — OAK, SYCA- 
MORE, ETC. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 



ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 173 



Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 12 inches two standard knots 
will be allowed and more in proportion to increased 
width. Ten per cent of 10 feet lengths may be allowed 
in this grade. 

Common shall be 3 inches and over wide. At 6 inches 
one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. 
An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

CYPRESS. 

Boards and planks shall be in lengths of 12, 14 or 16 
feet, 1, 1%, iy 2 , 2, 2y 2 , 3, 3&, or 4 inches thick, and be 
classed as Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 8 inches and over wide, 
and clear up to 10 inches; over 10 inches in width may 
have two standard knots and 3 inches of bright sap. 
An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. Free of other 
defects, may be one-half bright sap; 18 feet and over 
allowed in this grade. 

Common will contain all sound lumber under second- 
class, and all shaky lumber that is available, three- 
fourths. 

Cull shall comprise all unsound lumber that is availa- 
ble one-half. 

Shakes and pecks are always a damage in Cypress and 
should be closely scrutinized. 

Strips must be 12, 14 or 16 feet long, 1 inch thick by 
6 inches wide, unless otherwise ordered, and be classed 
as Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. Firsts and 
Seconds will allow one sound knot % inch in diameter, 
or in place thereof be one-half sap on sap side. Com- 
mon will comprise sound pieces below Firsts and Sec- 
onds, or pieces all sap. Cull, all unsound pieces avail- 
able one-half. 

ROUGH SOUTHERN OR YELLOW PINE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 
Firsts and Seconds must be 8 inches wide and over 



174 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 



(except flooring), free from defects, except bright sap or 
two small sound knots not over three-fourths of an inch 
in diameter. 

Plank 21/2, 3, 3M> and 4 inch for finish purposes may 
have one or two standard knots in wide plank, 12 inch 
and over, but otherwise clear excepting bright sap and 
small season checks. Two inch and over plank shall be 
inspected same as other lumber. 

Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade 
of Firsts and Seconds, but free from shakes, large knots, 
or unsound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

Firsts and Seconds Clear Flooring boards and 
strips must be free from all delects except bright sap, 
which is allowable. Blue sap is excluded. Common 
Flooring Boards and strips must be of the same size 
and general character as Firsts and Seconds Clear, but 
may have two or three small knots of not more than 
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, or a small wane on 
one edge which will not injure it from working to its full 
size. 

Step Plank, Firsts and Seconds Clear, must not be 
less than 10 inches wide and 1, l 1 ^, IV2 and 2 inches 
thick; free from all defects on one side, except 2 inches of 
bright sap. 

Wagon Bottoms must be 1 inch full thick, 6, 8, 10 
and L2 inches wide, 11 feet long. Must be good, sound 
lumber, blue sap or standard knots, without regard to 
number, being no objection if knots are not on edge. 

Timber and Joists must be square edge and have no 
defects that will impair the strength of the piece for pur- 
pose intended. 

RED CEDAR. 

Red Cedar should be sold log-run, to be measured for 
what it can be worked for. Lengths and widths are no 
defects. Caution should be used in determining defects. 

Note. — Inspectors are authorized to measure and in- 
spect all kinds of hardwood lumber, that are not in- 
cluded in these rules, according to the rules governing 
the inspection of hard and soft maple. 



HEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 175 

NEW ORLEANS INSPEC- 
TION. 



Classification and Measurements of IVogs, Building Ma- 
terials, Furniture Timber and Hardwoods, as Adopted 
by the Mechanics', Dealers' and lumbermen's Ex- 
change, of New Orleans, I*a., Aug, n, 1888. 



LOGS AND TIMBER. 



RULES OF MEASUREMENT. 



The following rules are to govern in all cases, when 
agreements have not been made otherwise, and in all 
such cases written instructions must be given to In- 
spectors. 

Round J^ogS, in or out of the water, to be measured 
with hooks, which shall not be less than 2 and no more 
than 3 inches crook. The sticks or iron handles of hooks 
to be distinctly marked and painted in inches on two 
sides. The measurement shall be as follows: Length of 
logs measured to square butt of log, fractions of a foot 
not to be allowed. If with pins at the ends, length to be 
measured inside of one of the pins, allowing the other, 
if so placed as to be not further than 1 foot from the 
end. Diameters to be taken at small end and inside the 
bark; no fractional part of an inch to be allowed. Con- 
tents to be calculated by what is generally termed the 
two -thirds rule. 

The above rule of measurement shall govern the fol- 
lowing named timber: Ash, Cottonwood, Cypress, Pine, 
Poplar, Oak and Walnut. 

Square and Waney X^ogs, in or out of the water, 
to be measured with callipers at the middle of the logs, 
allowing for saw kerf of 2 inches on two sides of logs, 
and if waney an additional reduction proportional to 
wane. Lengths of logs, if without pins, to be taken to 
the square butt; if with pins or pin holes, length to be 
measured inside of same when placed at 6 inches from 



176 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 

ends; fractions of feet not to be counted. Full allowance 
shall be made and deducted from measurement of timber 
for extra pins, bad knots, crooks or any other faults. 

Certificates of inspection to call only for the net meas- 
urement, but tally books of Inspectors to show the al' 
lowances made for reference when necessary. 

Domestic Sawn Timber shall be measured out of 
the water; fractions of feet or inches not to be allowed 
in taking lengths and full contents without deductions 
to be given in certificates of inspection. All questions in 
regard to pins, wane or other faults to be determined 
and regulated by the class of timber inspected according 
to adopted rule and standard. 

Cabinet and Furniture Timber, whether foreign 
or domestic, shall be measured by special rule given here- 
after when speaking of their different kinds. 

Flitch of all kinds to be measured at the narrowest 
place and inside the sap. 

I/OgfS for Export of domestic timber losing one-half 
of their measurement for faults, shall be rejected from 
cargoes, and cannot, under any circumstances, be 
branded as inspected, even when admitted by private 
agreement. 

String Measurement.— Girt the log, and one-quar- 
ter of said girt shall be considered to be one-fourth of its 
inscribed square, to be multiplied by itself and by the 
length, and divided as usual when working contents of 
square logs. All timber measured string measurement 
shall be reckoned in cubic feet. Fractions of feet in 
length will not be allowed. Deduction for defects in tim- 
ber shall be made from lengths, and if necessary in frac- 
tions of feet. Certificates of string measurement shall 
only give the net measurement of logs, but Inspector's 
tally book shall show deductions made for faults. 

Octagon I/Ogs, or logs having more than four faces, 
shall be measured at small end by string measurement 
rules. 

Freight Measurement.— Straight timber, whether 
square or octagon, shall be measured at extreme length 
and with callipers where their sides are larger; the same 
if crooked, lines to be drawn from crook to extreme 
lengths, being the chord of the arch of crooks or bents, 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 177 

thus shaping it to a perfect square log. Round logs 
shall be measured for freight by string measurement rule, 
girting the log at its largest circumference. 

All cargo lots shall comprise the classifications here- 
after made, and all that are not within said classification 
are to be called Rejected, and cannot be branded as in- 
spected, although by special contract it may be accepted 
by the purchaser. 

CLASSIFICATION OF ROUND LOGS. 

Cypress. — In round logs, when pecky at one end, 10 
feet of the length of each log so conditioned shall be de- 
ducted as compensation for such faults, and if pecky at 
both ends another 10 feet in length shall be deducted. 
Lengths of less than 10 feet shall not be accepted as a 
log. 

Poplar and Cottonwood, in round logs, must meas- 
ure 26 inches diameter inside of the bark and 12 feet in 
length to be received at inspection. No smaller sizes 
shall be received when inspected, unless by special agree- 
ment, and "will and must remain unclassed. 

Black Walnut.— None shall be received as merchant- 
able having less than 20 inches diameter inside of the 
bark, and less than 10 feet in length. Smaller dimensions 
may be accepted by special agreement, but will and must 
remain unclassed. 

Cherry and Maple, to be received as merchantable, 
must not be less than 10 feet long and 19 inches in diam- 
eter inside of the bark, though other dimensions may be 
received when measuring by private agreement. 

White Oak, to be accepted as merchantable, must 
not be less than 21 inches in diameter inside of the bark 
and 20 feet in length. Smaller dimensions are not en- 
titled to be classed, but may be received by private con- 
tracts. 

Ash, to be accepted as merchantable, if intended lor 
sawing and manufacturing purposes, must not be less 
than 20 feet in length and 20 inches in diameter, though 
if for other purposes smaller timber may be accepted by 
private contract, but must not be classed. 
inspectors' rules. 

Cargo I/Ots of domestic timber or lumber must aver- 



178 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 



age the medium grade or classification of their different 
kinds, unless differently agreed upon by private contract. 
Inspectors must have complete and full discretion when 
allowing for faults, exercising said discretion to the best 
of their knowledge and experience. In case of a doubt 
in the Inspector's mind, he must allow to the utmost of 
his judgment. 

Certificates must be plainly written on printed 
forms suitable for each kind of inspection, and must have 
a complete and full detail of the measurement of each 
log or pieces of lumber according to these rules. Cabinet 
and Furniture Timber certificates, whether foreign or 
domestic, must have a column of remarks, wherein the 
defects of timber shall be mentioned, that the percentage 
of allowance may be easily ascertained both by vendor 
and purchaser. 

In all cases of inspection or measurement of timber 
and lumber, where the same has been made according to 
special agreement, and which deviates from the estab- 
lished rules, the certificate of inspection must mention 
the fact. All certificates must bear the signature of the 
Inspector and seal of his office, and a copy of each cer- 
tificate issued must be faithfully kept and recorded at his 
or their office. 

RESURVEYS AND REMEASUREMENT. 

All certificates of inspection and measurements of tim- 
ber shall be considered good and binding to both vendor 
and purchaser during three months from date thereof, 
but a purchaser may ask a resurvey and remeasurement, 
and the cost of said inspection and measurement, mov- 
ing material, etc., and all expenses attending to said re- 
survey shall be borne by the party or parties ordering 
the same, as he or they are the real beneficiaries. 

TIMBER AND LUMBER. 
WHITE OAK. 
Measurements as by preceding rules given for meas- 
urement of Timber and Lumber. 

TIMBER. 

Classifications of Timber shall be No. 1, No. 2 and 
No. 3. 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 179 



No. I to be from the body of the tree, 30 to 50 feet long 
and upwards, and from 19 to 30 inches and upwards 
square; to be square butted with saw, straight grained, 
free from heart or side rot, worm-holes, large or unsound 
knots, splits, cheeks, shakes, frost or sun-cracks; good, 
sound sap allowed on one corner, not exceeding 1 inch 
to every 12 inches in width. When hewn shall be free 
from spalls and axe-scores, and not tapering over 13/2 
inches Tor every 15 feet in length; must be hewed or 
sawed to perfect square, and no wane allowed; pins per- 
mitted if they should be the only defect, provided the 
same be found only at 6 inches from the end and on one 
side only, but none in the middle nor on two sides. 

No. 2 to be of same length and manufacture as No. 1 , 
but may be from 17 inches and upwards square, pins al- 
lowed as in No. 1; splits, whether at head or side, 
allowed, provided same shall not exceed 1 foot for every 
25 feet in length; to be free from worm-holes, large or 
unsound knots, wind or other shakes, rot and sun or 
frost cracks; good, sound sap permitted on two corners, 
but not to exceed in each corner 1 inch for every 12 inches 
in width of stick. No wane shall be allowed. 

No. 3 to be from 20 to 30 feet and upwards in length 
and not under 14 inches square, to be of the same taper 
and manufacture as classes No. 1 and No. 2; sap per- 
mitted on three corners, but not to exceed in each corner 
1 inch for any 12 inches width of piece; to be free from 
large or unsound knots and worm-holes; wind or other 
shakes allowed at one end only, or decay at one head, 
provided shakes or decay will not exceed one-tenth of 
diameter of the piece and one-fifteenth of its length. 
Wane may be allowed, but must not exceed 2 inches to 
perfect square of stick. 

LUMBER. 

To be classed also No. 1 , No. 2, No. 3. 

No. I shall be sound, square -edged, butted with saw 
and evenly sawed; width to be from 20 to 30 inches and 
upwards; thickness from y 2 to 8 inches; lengths to be 
from 25 to 50 feet and upwards; entirely free from splits, 
checks, large or unsound knots; pins or pin-holes and 
with not more than Vg of an inch of sound sap on one 
corner for every 20 inches in width. 



180 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 

No. 2, shall be square-edged, butted with saw and 
evenly sawed; width from 16 to 20 inches and upwards; 
length from 20 to 50 feet and upwards, entirely free from 
shakes, frost and sun-cracks, splits, large or unsound 
knots and worm-holes; thickness to be the same as No. 
1. Only two pin? or pin-holes permitted at each end, at 
from 6 to 9 inches from the ends, and not more than 1 
inch sound sap on two corners allowed for every 16 
inches in width. 

No. 3 shall be square-edged, butted with saw and 
evenly sawed; one heart -face on one side, and nrnst show 
heart on at least two-thirds of the length of the other 
face; sap, however, must be sound; shall be free from 
through shakes or splits and entirely free from large or 
unsound knots; pins or pin-holes as allowed in No. 1; 
sun and frost cracks allowed only on sappy face and 
must not be more than 2 inches in depth; lengths to be 
from 16 to 20 feet or more. 

Flitch shall be classified as above, but dimensions are 
to be taken as stated under the head of measurement. 

ASH 
Shall be measured and classed the same as White Oak, 
and all specifications in each class of same shall apply to 
Ash, but with the following exceptions, viz.: 

No. I can be 20 feet long and upwards. 

No. 2 can be 18 feet long and upwards. 

No. 3 can be 12 feet and upwards in length. 

For Furniture and Export must be free from bluish 
veins, and must show close, white grain, whether it be 
straight or curly. 

BLACK WALNUT, CHERRY, 
And other woods of similar texture and used for cabinet 
work. 

Measurements as by preceding rules for measure- 
ment of Timber and Lumber. 

TIMBER 

shall be in four classes: No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4. 

No. I to be from the body of the tree, straight grained 
and from 12 feet and upwards in length, and from 28 
inches and upwards square, to taper only %, to 1 inch 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 181 

for every 12 feet in length; shall be square butted with 
saw, free from all defects, making it suitable for best 
kind of work; wane allowed 1% inches to full square 
of piece for every 10 inches in width or depth; pins al- 
lowed if they are the only defect, provided they be only 
at ends and on one side, and not farther than 6 inches 
from ends. 

No. 3 to be from body of the tree, and to be in length 
the same as No. 1; with the same taper, and from 22 
inches and upwards square; shall be straight grained, 
square butted with saw, free from shakes, bad or large 
knots, heart or side-rot V/2 inches for every 10 in width 
or depth allowed for wane or corresponding sap to same, 
also pins at both ends, but they must not be farther 
than 6 inches from each end. The timber shall also be 
free from splits not parallel to one face. 

No. 3 to be in lengths of 10 feet and upwards, and 18 
inches and upwards square; taper and wane will be al- 
lowed as in class No. 2; shall be free from bad shakes, 
large or unsound knots and bad splits; pins allowed as 
in No. 2, and splits at the ends though not parallel to 
sides. 

No. 4, when loosing one-third or more of its measure- 
ments, as allowances for defects, shall be called No. 4, 
and will be considered unfit for shipment, unless differ- 
ently stipulated in contract of sale. 

LUMBER 

Shall be divided into three classes: No. 1, No. 2 and 
No. 3. 

No. I includes all boards, planks and joists, free from 
rot, shakes and nearly free from knots, sap and bad 
■taper; all pieces to be evenly sawed, square-butted and 
square-edged; knots to be small and sound, and so few 
as not to cause waste for the best kind of work. A. 
small split is allowable on one end of a board or plank, 
if not too long, and is parallel to the edge of the piece. 

No. 2, must be square-edged and evenly sawed. This 
class includes all other description of material manufact- 
ured, except when one-third is worthless. Boards, 
planks, joist or scantling containing sap, knots, splits, or 
not evenly sawed, when all these imperfections combined 



182 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 

will make less than one-third of a piece, unfit for good 
work and only fit for ordinary purposes. 

No. 3 includes all boards, planks, joist or scantling, 
badly manufactured by being sawed in a diamond shape, 
smaller in one part than in another, splits on both ends 
or with long splits or splits not parallel to edge, with 
large and bad knots, worm or pin-holes, sap, rot, shakes 
or any other imperfection which will cause any one piece 
of lumber to be one-third worthless or waste. 

MAHOGANY AND CEDAR. 

TIMBER. 

Certificates of inspection for Mahogany or Cedar 
shall show the gross and net measurement of each log. 

Measurement. — Timber shall be measured midways 
of logs with callipers for their gross measurement if 
squared, but if waney or octagon the inspector shall 
make proportional deduction tor such wane when enter- 
ing the net measurement of same in addition to the de- 
duction stated hereafter. The gross measurement shall 
be entered as such in the inspector's tally book. The 
gross inspected measurement, when the log is perfect, 
shall be brought without deduction to the net measure- 
ment, but if it show any faults a proportional deduction 
for the same shall be made from the gross measurement 
and the remainder shall constitute the net measure- 
ment. That which is defective from worm-holes in the 
heart, rots, rotten knots, or are doughty or are badly 
split, shall be measured full contents for gross measure- 
ment, and called Refuse. All such refuse to be marked R 
by the inspector, and half of the gross measurement de- 
ducted for net measurement; all lengths to be taken to 
square butt of pieces and entered as usual, every 6 inches 
being called a full foot. 

Crooked. — If slightly crooked a deduction shall be 
made from gross measurement for such faults, and if 
very crooked, particularly if there is more than one crook 
and short, the measurement shall be as governs Refuse 
in above article, and shall be marked as such. 

Small Crotches, such as received from St. Domingo, 
shall be measured as follows, viz.: Lengths to be taken 
as far as sap or gray-wood at the upper end, allowing 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 183 



the same as for Timber in gross measurement. When 
sound the gross measurement shall be brought over as 
net, but those having bark or rotten defects, tending to 
injure the crotch, shall be measured as Refuse in Timber 
and marked as such. 

Cation TfOgs to be made straight one way and sub- 
ject to same allowances as the crotches. 

Classifications shall be in four classes, viz.: Numbers 
1, 2, 3 and 4. 

No. i Cedar must be straight-grained, free from knots 
and every other defect, shall be manufactured straight 
and even, but may be hewed or sawed, and ought to be 
square-butted with saw, before shipment, as all slant 
heads shall be deducted from gross to sale measurement, 
that is to perfect square; shall be from 12 feet and up- 
wards in length, and 18 inches and upwards square. 
Wane of % of one inch to perfect square will be permitted, 
but must be deducted in its proportional ratio from 
gross to net measurement. 

No. i Mahogany will correspond to above specifica- 
tions, but may be curly or cross-grained, and must be 12 
feet and upwards in length and 20 inches and upwards 
square. 

No. 2, Cedar must be straight-grained and free from 
large knots; small ones, if sound, admissible; shall be 
manufactured as in class No. 1, wormy sap not objec- 
tionable if worm-holes do not go through to body of the 
wood and a wane of 2 inches to perfect square permissi- 
ble; also rotten or decayed heart, not exceeding one- 
eighth of length. Splits not to be over 6 inches for every 
10 feet of the length, and sun-checks not over 2 inches 
deep on any one face are also permitted, but shall be de- 
ducted from the gross to the net or sale measurement. 
Lengths to be 10 feet or more and 16 inches or more 
square. 

No. 2, Mahogany shall correspond to all the above 
specifications, but may be cross-grained, curly and have 
large knots, if sound; shall be 10 feet or more in length 
and 18 inches or more square. 

No. 3 Cedar maybe manufactured somewhat uneven, 
but ought to be square butted with saw, as explained in 
class 2. Can be crooked, waney, sappy, wormy, split, 



184 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 



sun-checked and have rotten heads and knots, large or 
small, provided the loss shall not be more than one-third 
from the gross to the net measurement for these defects. 
Lengths to be 9 feet or more and 14? inches or more 
square. Wood may be curly and cross-grained. 

No. 3 Mahogany shall correspond to all the above 
specifications governing Cedar. 

No. 4 Cedar and Mahogany will embrace all other 
descriptions which, by their defects, will lose more than 
one-third, but not over one-half from gross to net mea- 
surement, provided lengths shall not be less than 9 feet 
and square at least 12 inches. 

LUMBER. 

Mahogany dumber shall be put in three classes: 
Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 

No. I includes all boards, planks, etc., which shall be 
evenly sawed, free from sap, rots, shakes or splits; knots, 
ifany,tobe small and sound and free from any fault 
which may cause waste for the best kind of work. 
Boards or planks shall not be less than 8 inches in width 
and 8 feet long. 

Counter Tops shall be 1,1%, 1% and iy 2 inches thick, 
20 inches and upward in width, 1 2 feet and over long, 
and shall be perfect boards. 

No. 2 to be manufactured as in class 1, splits parallel to 
the edge of the piece permitted if they do not exceed 6 
inches long for every 10 feet in length of the piece. The 
width of pieces must not be less than 6 inches, 8 feet 
long. 

No. 3 includes all other description of boards, planks 
and joists; provided all the imperfections combined in 
any one piece shall not make one-third of the measure- 
ment; when they do, the piece shall be rejected and not 
entitled to classification. 

CLASSIFICATION OF YELLOW PINE. 

SAWN TIMBER. 

Sawn Timber shall be put in three classes, which will 
be designated as follows: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 

No. I must be sound, square-edged and butted square, 
must not have more than 1 inch of sap on corners, and 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 185 



free from shakes which show on surface. Sizes, 10x10 
and up. 

No. 2, must be sound and butted square, show heart on 
each face, and may show places of wane not to exceed 4 
feet in length, and not more than three places of wane 
on any one corner. Sizes 10x10 and up. 

No. 3 must be sound and butted square, not more than 
3 inches width of wane on a corner, and need not show 
heart on sides. Sizes, 10x10 and up. 

DEALS. 

Deals shall be put in three classes and designated as 
follows: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 

No. i must be sound, square-edged and square-butted; 
all heart with exception of % of an inch of sap on one 
corner; free from knots exceeding 1*4 inches in diameter, 
and not more than two knots in one piece; entirely free 
from shakes and splits; 9 inches and upwards in width, 
3 inches and upwards in thickness and 12 feet and up- 
wards in length. 

No. 2, shall be sound, square-edged and square-butted; 
one heart-iace, two-thirds heart in opposite face, com- 
paratively free of shakes and splits, entirely free of un- 
unsound knots, 9 inches wide and upwards by 3 inches 
thick and upwards, and 12 feet long and upwards. 

No. 3 must be sound, square-edged and square-butted; 
one heart-face and show heart on other face; free from 
through shakes, splits and unsound knots; 3 inches thick 
and upwards by 9 inches wide and upwards, 12 feet long 
and upwards. 

PLANK. 

Plank shall be put in three classes, viz.: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 

No. i must be sound, evenly sawn, free from sap, 
knots, shakes and splits. 

No. 2 must be sound, evenly sawn, one heart face, 
two-thirds heart on other face, comparatively free from 
shakes and splits, and entirely free of unsound knots. 

No. 3 must be sound, evenly sawn, not over 2 inches 
sap on heart-face, free from through shakes and splits 
and unsound knots, l 1 /^ to 4 inches thick, 10 inches and 
upwards wide, 12 feet and upwards in length. 



186 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 



SCANTLING. 

Scantling shall be put in three classes, viz.: Nos. 1, 2 
and 3. 

No. I must be sound, evenly sawn, free from sap, 
through shakes, splits and knots exceeding 1 inch in 
diameter, 12 feet and upwards in length. Sizes, 2x4 to 
9x9 inclusive. 

No. 2 must be sound, evenly sawn, free from through 
shakes and splits, and not to show more than 1 inch 
sap on corners. 

No. 3 must be sound, evenly sawn, free from through 
shakes and splits. 

FLOORING. 

Flooring shall be W± and 1V 2 inches thick, and from 
3^2 to 7 inches wide, 12 feet and upwards in length, and 
shall be of three classes. 

No. I must be sound, free from knots, shakes, splits 
and sap, and sawed plump. 

No. 2,. — Clear face. 

No. 3 must be sound, free from sap, shakes and knots 
exceeding IV2 inches in diameter, and not more than two 
knots in a piece. 

No. 4 must be sound, one face free from sap, free from 
shakes, splits and knots exceeding l 1 /^ inches in diameter, 
and more than four knots in any one piece. 

CEILING. 
No. I should be strictly clear. 
No. 2 shall have the face clear of sap and knots. 
No. 3 should be sound and free from shakes. 

WEATHER-BOARDS. 

Weather-boards shall be V2 to % inches thick, 5V6 to 
8 inches wide, 8 feet and upwards long, and should be 
put in two classes. 

No. I must be clear of sap, knots, shakes and splits. 

No. 2, must be clear of knots exceeding IV2 inches in 
diameter, and not more than four knots to one piece, and 
not over 1 inch sap on one edge. 

BOARDS. 

Boards shall be 1 inch thick by 10 inches wide and 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 187 



over, and 12 feet long and upwards, and shall be of four 
classes. 

No. i shall be sound, evenly sawn, free from sap, 
shakes, splits and knots exceeding i/2 inch in diameter. 

No. 2, shall be sound, evenly sawn, free from shakes, 
splits and unsound knots, not more than \y± inches sap 
on one face. 

•No. 3 shall be sound and evenly sawn, not over 2 
inches sap on heart-face and show heart on the other 
face, free from through shakes and splits and loose 
knots. 

No. 4 shall be sound, evenly sawn and free from splits. 

CYPRESS LUMBER. 

All Cypress Lumber will be classified according to the 
specifications indicated below, as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 
and 6. 

It will be sawed 1-16 of an inch more than the thick- 
ness indicated, to allow for shrinkage and loss in becom- 
ing seasoned and in dressing. 

The length of Nos. 1, 2, 3 will run from 1.0 feet and 
upwards, and the width from 9 inches and upwards, un- 
less otherwise specified. 

No. I will be free of sap and perfectly clear of all 
defects. 

No. 2, square-edged, sound, one heart-face, the other 
face two-thirds heart, and two sound knots not over 
IV2 inches in diameter to each 10 feet. 

No. 3 square-edged, one face three-fourths heart, and 
show heart on other face, and sound knots. 

No. 4 will run from 4 to 8 inches inclusive, and will be 
sound, square-edged and free from sap. No. 4 not sold 
to .fill any special schedule, but must be taken just as the 
sizes run, within the dimensions given. 

No, 5 will be 1 inch full thickness, square-edged, and 
any width that may be made. 

No. 6. — Any Cypress not admissible to the above 
classes will be sold according to its merits. 

All Cypress Dimension lumber shall be classed 
and inspected according to rules of classification, etc., 
governing pine lumber. 



188 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 



LATHS. 

Plastering laths shall be of one class, viz.: 
Merchantable to be one-fourth % of an inch in thick- 
ness, l^to \y 2 inches wide, and 4 feet long; to be per- 
fect^ sound. 

SHINGLES. 

Shall be of three classes, which shall be designated as 
follows: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 

No. I shall be 18 or 20 inches long, % to V2 of an inch 
thick at butt end, and not less than 3 inches wide, clear 
of sap and knots. 

No. 2 shall be 18 to 20 inches long, % to V 2 of an inch 
thick at butt end, and not less than 3 inches wide, clear 
of unsound or loose knots; two sound knots will be 
allowed if not over V2 of an inch in diameter. 

No. 3 shall be 16 to 20 inches long, *4 to y 2 of an inch 
thick at butt end, and not less than 3 inches wide. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

TO INSPECTORS AND MEASURERS OF CYPRESS AND PINE 



All inspections, measurements and classifications are 
to be made according to the adopted standards of this 
Exchange, unless otherwise agreed upon and ordered by 
both buyer and seller; but when some slight deviation, 
either in width or thickness, shotild occur by accidental 
manufacture, so long as it will not hinder the lumber 
from being used for the purpose for which it was intended, 
shall not be reduced in grade on account of such devia- 
tion, it being the purpose of the foregoing rules to grade 
lumber so that the grades sold on the market and out of 
the yards shall be the same. 

Inspectors and Measurers, inspecting or measuring any 
cargo of lumber, shall have full control of the unloading 
of the lumber, so far as determining how fast the lumber 
shall be delivered off the vessel. 

All Inspectors who inspect lumber by grades, under 
the foregoing rules in this market, when required, shall 
mark the quality upon the pile or lot, so inspected, in at 
least four places. 

No Inspector or Measurer, commissioned by this Ex- 



BAI/flMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 189 



change, shall be directly or indirectly interested in the 
business of buying or selling lumber, either for himself 
or other parties. 

The Inspector or Measurer shall keep the original 
tally-sheets, with date, name of the vessel and for whom 
inspected, at their office for at least one year, and said 
tally-sheets shall at all times be accessible to any of the 
parties interested. Duplicates of tally-sheets shall be 
rendered to party ordering inspection immediately on 
completion of said inspection. 

The remuneration of Inspectors and Measurers to be 
by fees equally paid by seller and buyer, unless otherwise 
agreed upon. 



BALTIMORE HARDWOOD 
INSPECTION. 



Adopted by the I/umber Exchange of Baltimore, Decem- 
ber^ 1893. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS. 

Inspectors of lumber are not manufacturers and must 
measure and inspect lumber as they find it, of full length 
and width, except as to wane; which must be measured 
out where it is not over one-fifth the width of the board. 
When it is in excess of this the board must be reduced 
one grade, making no allowance for the purpose of rais- 
ing grade unless so instructed by the buyer or seller. 

In hardwood inspection the inspector is instructed to 
use his best judgment, based upon the rules for his 
guidance. 

The Standard Knot shall not exceed 1% inches in 
diameter, and must be of a sound character, regardless 
of color. 

•Splits equal to the width of the board shall be admis- 
sible except where otherwise specified. 

Ordinary season checks shall not be considered a seri- 
ous defect. 



190 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



All lumber shall be sawed plump thickness. Thin lum- 
ber is not considered marketable, except in quarter- 
sawed oak, and must be reduced to the next standard 
thickness, or at least one grade lower on account of 
thinness. 

Lumber sawed for specific purpose, such as Axles, 
Bolsters, Tongues, Reaches, Newels, Balusters, Squares, 
etc., must be inspected with a view to the adaptability 
of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases it can 
not be used for other purposes. In inspecting the grade 
of Firsts and Seconds, an undue predominance of Seconds 
should alwa3's be judiciously ascertained, as the pur- 
chaser is entitled to the full average in grade, which must 
not comprise more than 66% per cent, of Seconds, unless 
otherwise specified. 

Standard lengths are always recognized as being 
12, 14 and 16feet. Shorter than 12 and longer than 16 
feet does not come within the range of Standard, unless 
otherwise specified. In Black Walnut, Ash and Cherry 
an exception is made, and 10 feet is recognized as a 
standard length. In quarter-sawed oak 8 and 10 feet 
are considered Standard Lengths. 

Newels from all kinds of timber must be clear and 
free from heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches 
plump. The length must be 4 feet or full multiples 
thereof. 

Balusters and table legs shall be clear and square 
2x2, 2V£x23^, 3x3 and 4x4, 32 inches long. 

Newels, Balusters and Table Legs not coming up to the 
grade of clear shall be classed as Common and Cull. 

Counter Tops shall be 12 feet and over long, 1, 1*4 
and IV2 inches thick, and must be strictly clear, not less 
than 8 inches wide. 

Bolsters must be 4 feet, 4 feet 6 inches, or multiples 
thereof in length, and the size must be 3x4, 3^2x4^4, 
1x5, 41/2 x 5V2 or 5 x 6 inches. 

Reaches must be 2x4, or 2^/2 x 4^ inches and the 
lengths 8, 10, 12 and 16 feet. 

Harrow Timber must be 2%x2Vo inches, and the 
lengths 5, 10 and 14 feet. 

Hickory Axles must be clear and in lengths of 6 or 
12 feet for sizes 3Vi x 4y 2 , 4x5, 4x6 and 4y 2 x6 and 7 



BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 191 

or 14 feet for 5x6 and 5 x 7 on special order, cut from 
sound, tough, butt logs. 

Wagon Tongues must be clear and straight 2 x 4 at 
small end and 4x4 at butt end, or 2%x4!/2 at small 
end and 4 x /2 x 4V& at butt end, 12 feet long, from tough, 
straight-grained timber. 

Bolsters, Reaches, Harrow Timber, Hickory Axles and 
Wagon Tongues, not up to the grade of clear will be 
classed as Cull. 

Standard Thickness shall be %, y 2 , 5 /s, %. %, 1,1%; 
1^2, 2, 2V6, 3 and 4 inches, unless otherwise specified. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in 
width, square edged and with square ends, unless other- 
wise specified. Tapering lumber should be measured 
one third from narrow end of board. 

Squares shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7 and 8x8 
inches. 

L,og Run is always understood to be the unpicked 
run of the logs — Mill Culls out. Mill Culls are supposed 
to be worthless, unless 50 per cent, merchantable, except 
where otherwise stated. 

Any board which will not cut at least 50 per cent, 
sound timber by cutting up into pieces 3 inches by 4 feet 
or 6 inches by 2 feet long, or its equivalent shall be 
classed as Mill Culls. 

In the measurement of all lumber, all fractions over 
one-half shall be counted to next even foot, and all frac- 
tions of one-half and under shall be counted off. 

ASH. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common 
and Cull. Standard lengths are 12, 14 and 16 feet, and 
will admit of 10 per cent, of 10 feet. Will admit of 
wane one-fifth the width of board, which must be 
measured off. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
Firsts must be 8 inches and over wide and clear of all 
defects. Seconds must be 6 inches wide and clear up to 
8 inches; from 8 to 10 inches will admit of one standard 
knot; 10 to 12 inches will admit of two standard knots; 
12 inches and over will adnrt of three standard knots, 
and when two or three knots are taken one knot may be 



192 BAI/TTMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



admitted of equal area to the two or three knots, or 
other defects of equal proportions may be allowed. 
Straight splits equal to the width of the board may be 
allowed. Sound sap is no defect. 

Common shall be 4 inches and over wide; 5 to 7 
inches one standard knot, not necessarily sound, may be 
allowed; from 10 to 13 inches inclusive two standard 
knots may be allowed, and from 13 to 15 inches four 
standard knots. Splits twice the width of the board 
not necessarily straight may be allowed. 

Cull shall consist of all widths and sizes below the 
description of common, but available to work one-half 
sound lumber. 

basswood. 

Grades shall consist of First and Seconds, Common, 
Cull, Ceiling and Siding Strips. Standard lengths shall 
be 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, with not over 10 per cent, of 
10 feet. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 7 inches and over in 
width. At 8 inches one, and at 10 inches two knots not 
over 1M inches in diameter, or other defects not aggre- 
gating more than the above, may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects may be made in proportion to 
increased width. Sound sap is no defect. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over in width. At 6 
inches one, and at 8 inches two knots, not over 1*4 
inches in diameter, or other defects not aggregating 
more than the above, may be allowed. 

Ceiling and Siding Strips shall be 3,4 and 6 inches 
wide, and shall be clear one face. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and lengths below the 
description of Common which will work 40 per cent. 
without waste. 

BIRCH. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common, 
Cull and Flooring Strips, and shall be, 10, 12, 14 and 
16 feet lengths, with not to exceed 10 per cent, of 10 feet. 
All shorter than 19 feet shall be reduced one grade on 
account of length. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches or over wide, 
and must be clear up to 8 inches. At 8 inches one and 



Baltimore; hardwood inspection. 193 



at 10 inches two knots, not over \% inches in diameter, 
or other defects not aggregating more than the above, 
may be allowed. 

An allowance for more defects may be made in propor- 
tion to increased width. Sound sap shall not be con- 
sidered a defect. 

Common shall be 5 inches or wider. At 5 inches one 
knot, and at 8 inches two knots or other defects not 
aggregating more than the above will be allowed. 
Heart pieces shall be allowed if sound and showing 
only on one side. More defects shall be allowed in pro- 
portion to the increased width. 

Flooring Strips shall be 2V2, 3, sy 2 , 4 and 5 inches 
wide, and one face shall be clear. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and lengths below the 
description of Common, and shall work 40 per cent 
sound. 

BEECH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and 
over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard 
knots or equal defects may be allowed unless otherwise 
specified. An allowance for more defects of this char- 
acter may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over wide, and 
may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use with- 
out waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two stand- 
ard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of Common, but 50 per cent of the board 
shall be merchantable. 

BUTTERNUT. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common 
and Cull. Standard lengths shall be 8, 10, 12, 14 and 
16 feet, and not to exceed 15 per cent of, 8 feet will be 
admitted. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and 
over. At 8 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot or 



194 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 

equal defect, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two 
knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects 
of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common rejects or selects shall be 5 inches and over 
wide, and shall include all lumber not up to the grade of 
Firsts and Seconds, but full three-fourths of the piece 
shall be available as sound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of Common, but 50 per cent of the board 
shall be merchantable. 

CHERRY. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common 
and Cull. Standard lengths shall be 10, 12, 14 and 16 
feet, and not to exceed 15. per cent of 8 feet will be 
admitted. 

First and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot or other 
equal defect, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two 
knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects 
of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and up wide and shall 
include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, but available full three-quarters of the piece with- 
out waste, free from heart and unsound lumber. Heart 
shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of Common, but 50 per cent of the board 
shall be merchantable. 

Note. — Gum spots are considered a serious defect, and 
when their damage exceeds one-sixth of the size of the 
piece, shall reduce to the grade of Common. When their 
damage exceeds one-third of the size of the piece, it shall 
be reduced to Cull. 

CHESTNUT. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common 
and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches and over. At 
8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, 
and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots 



BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 11)5 



or equal defects. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide. Shall be 
free from |heart and |shake at least three-quarters of its 
length as sound lumber, excepting worm holes, which 
shall not be considered a defect if they are not bunched 
in a greater area than covered by a standard knot. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of Common. 

COTTONWOOD. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common 
and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over, 
and free from all defects, except sound sap. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide, free from 
heart shake and unsound sap. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of Common. 

ELM. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common 
and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots or 
equal defects may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. Sound sap is no defect. 

Common [shall include 4 inches and over wide. At 5 
inches one and at 7 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of Common. 

GUM. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Selects, 
Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one standard knot, and at 10 inches two 
standard knots; 2 inches of sound sap may be al- 
lowed on boards over 14 inches. An alio wance for more 



196 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 

defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Selects shall be 5 inches and over. At 5 inches shall 
have one clear side; 6 to 8 inches may have one standard 
knot, and at 10 inches two standard knots or 2 inches 
of sap on one side. Up to 10 may have two standard 
knots or 2 inches of sap upon face side; 10 inches and 
up may have 3 inches of sap or three standard knots, or 
delects equal to the above. 

Common shall include all lumber available for use full 
three-fourths of its size without waste, free from heart 
shake and unsound lumber. Sound or slightly discolored 
sap may be included in this grade. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common. 

HICKORY AND PECAN. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts, Seconds, Common and 
Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one and 10 inches two standard knots or 
equal defects. An allowance lor more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased width. 
Sound sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 
inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots or equal 
defects. An allowance for more defects of this character 
may be made in proportion to increased width. Heart 
shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of Common. 

MAPLE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common, Flooring Strips and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over 
(except flooring). At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two 
standard knots or equal defects may be allowed. An 
allowance for more defects of this character may be made 
in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, 
and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use 
without waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two 
standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more 



BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 197 



defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. Heart shakes, rot, dote and worm 
holes not admissible. 

Flooring Strips to be 3 and 4 inches, one clear face 
and two edges. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
the description of Common. 

OAK (PLAIN SAWED). 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Selects, 
Common and Cull. Standard lengths shall be 10, 12, 
14 and 16 feet, with not to exceed 10 per cent of 10 feet. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 6 inches and up wide. 
At 8 inches will admit of one standard knot or 1 inch of 
sound sap on one side; at 10 inches two standard knots 
or. 2 inches of sap on face side, or equal defects; at 12 
inches, three standard knots or 3 inches of sap on 
face side, or equal defects. Where there is but one knot 
in a board 12 inches and up wide, a knot containing 
double the area of a standard knot will be admitted. 
Straight splits equal to the width of each board are 
allowable. 

Selects Jshall be 5 inches up and wide, kt 6 inches 
one, at 8 finches two and at 10 inches three standard 
knots or other equal defects will be allowed. 

Common shall be 5 inches and up wide. At 6 inches 
one and at 8 inches two standard knots will be allowed. 
Sound sap is not considered a defect. An allowance for 
further defects of this character may be made in propor- 
tion to increased width. Plank, 3 inches and over thick, 
may contain sound heart if showing only on one side. 

Cull shall contain all lumber not included in the above 
grades, of which not less than 50 per cent shall be mer- 
chantable and available for ordinary purposes. 

fCAR MATERIAL. 

May have sound knots and heart cracks on one side if 
they do not impair the strength of the stick, and to be 
cut common lengths mainly, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 and 
16 feet long. 

OAK (QUARTER-SAWED). 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Selects, 
Clear Strips and Common. Standard lengths shall be 



198 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



8, 10, 12, 14 and 10 feet, but not more than 15 per cent 
of 8 and 10 feet shall be admitted. 

Standard Thicknesses shall be 1, 1%, iy 2 , 2, 2y 2 , 
3, 3y 2 and 4 inches, admitting 20 per cent of thin lum- 
ber if not more than 3 \ of an inch scant on heart edge up 
to 2 inches, and £$ of an inch in thicker stock. Sap is no 
defect. 

Firsts shall be inches and upward wide, free from 
all defects. 

Seconds shall be 5 inches and over in width; 6 to 8 
inches will admit of one standard knot or equal defects; 
9 inches or over will admit two standard knots or equal 
defects, or one knot of double size. 

The proportion of Firsts in the combined grades of 
Firsts and Seconds shall not be less than 56 per cent. 

The average width of Firsts and Seconds shall not be 
less than 8 inches. 

Clear Strips shall be 2V 2 , 3, 3y 2 , 4 and 4y 2 inches 
wide, and one face shall be clear. 

Selects must be 4 inches and up in width. At 5 
inches will admit of one standard knot; at 7 inches two 
standard knots; at 9 inches will admit of three standard 
knots or other equal defects. 

Common shall contain all lumber not included in the 
above grades; it shall be 3 inches and over wide, and 
merchantable one-half its length or width. 

No lumber shall be classed as quarter-sawed if the 
angle is less than 45 degrees with the face of the board. 

A Standard Knot shall have an area equal to the 
area of a circle 1V 2 inches in diameter, and shall not be 
larger than 4 inches, or when two standard knots are 
admissible one knot can have double the surface. 



In poplar lumber inspection the inspector is instructed 
to use his best judgment based upon the general rules 
laid down for his guidance. He must inspect all boards 
and planks on the poorest side. The standard knot to 
be considered as not exceeding 1% inches in diameter 
and of sound character. Splits are always a greater or 
less damage to poplar lumber and will reduce a piece to 
one grade lower if the split is over 12 inches in length in 



BAI/TIMORB HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 199 

boards and plank, or 6 inches in strips, but splits must 
be straight and in one end only to be allowed. All lum- 
ber must be sawed so that it will be of the standard 
thickness when seasoned. All lumber must be sawed 
square-edged unless otherwise ordered, and boards and 
plank having bark and wane must be reduced one grade 
and measured inside wane or bark. All boards one 
inch or under thick shall be measured face measure. 
If sawed scant must be placed in the next thickness 
below. All badly mis-sawed lumber shall be classed as 
Cull. No Cull is considered as having a market value 
which will not work half its size without waste. The 
lumber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected 
with a view to the adaptability of the piece for the 
intended use, as in many cases it cannot be utilized for 
other purposes. In the inspection of combined grades 
of Firsts and Seconds, 60 per cent, shall be Firsts and 
may contain 40 per cent. Seconds. Standard lengths 
are always recognized as being 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 
10 per cent, of 10 foot lengths may be allowed. Shorter 
than 10 feet dots not come within the range of market- 
able, although sometimes admitted. Squares shall be 
4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10. Worm 
holes are to be considered as one of the most serious 
defects in poplar lumber. 

First Clear 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, shall be 
8 inches and upward wide and absolutely clear up to 10 
inches in width; at 11 inches 1 inch of bright sap will be 
allowed; at 12, 13, 14 and 15 inches wide 2 inches of 
bright sap on one edge will be allowed or one standard 
knot; at 16 inches and over in width 3 inches of bright 
sap on one edge will be allowed or two standard 
knots. 

Second Clear 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, shall be 
7 inches and upward in width, and at 8 and 9 inches 
wide will admit of one inch of bright sap but no other 
defects; at 10, 11 and 12 inches wide will admit of 2 
inches of bright sapor one standard knot; at 13, 14 and 
15 inches wide will admit of 3 inches of bright sap and 
one standard knot or two standard knots if there is no 
sap; at 16 inches and over will admit of 5 inches of 
bright sap and one standard knot; if there is no sap 



200 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



then three standard knots will be admitted; 2^2 inches, 
3 inches and 4 inches, first and second poplar shall be 10 
inches and over wide. 

Poplar Squares shall be the combined grade of Firsts 
and Seconds clear; 4x4 must be clear of all defects. Sap 
is no defect; %, V2, %, %, First and Second clear shall be 
10 inches and over wide and contain not less than 75 
per cent. Firsts; 5x5 and 6x6 will admit of 2 inches of 
bright sap on one face; 7x7, 8x8, 9x9 and 10 x 10 will 
admit of 3 inches of bright sap on one face; squares 
must be free of hearts and unsound knots. 

Sap Clear shall be sound but not black and 6 inches 
and over in width and admit of same defects as First 
and Second. 

Common shall include any width not less than 6 
inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and not 
beyond those described in Second and Clear. Two 
unsound standard knots will be allowed in this grade if 
over 12 inches wide and straight. Splits shall not be 
considered defects; otherwise lumber must be sound. 

Cull poplar shall include all grades not up to the 
standard of Common and must be available one-half its 
size without waste. 

Poplar Strips shall be 4 and 6 inches wide and 
known as Clear, Second Clear and Common. Clear shall 
be free from all defects; Second Clear may have bright 
sap but free of all other defects; Common shall contain 
from 1 to 4 standard knots and slight amount of dis- 
colored sap. Beveled siding, worked to 0% inches wide. 

The grades of manufactured lumber are as follows: 

Firsts and Seconds, 1 inch sap or one small knot 
admitted on thin edge but no other defect; Selects, sound 
sap no defect; Common may contain not to exceed three 
standard knots, or pin knots; sap no defect. 

Ceiling and Patent Siding, Firsts and Seconds, 
one clear yellow face. Selects, sound sap no defect. 
Common not to exceed three standard knots. Casing 
and Base same as Ceiling. 

Flooring. — Firsts and Seconds, one clear yellow face. 
Selects, sound sap no defect. Common, four or more 
standard knots, sap no defect. Moulding, sap no 
defect. All work material to be sold count measure. 



BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 201 



RED BIRCH. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts, Seconds, Common and 
Cull and may contain not to exceed 25 percent, of white 
sap on face side. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 6 inches and over wide 
and must be clear up to 7 inches. At 7 inches one, and 
at 8 inches two standard knots or other equal defects 
are allowed. An allowance for more defects shall be 
made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and wider. At 5 inches it 
may contain one, and at 7 inches two standard knots 
or other equal defects may be allowed. Defects may 
increase in proportion to the width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and lengths below the des- 
cription of Common, but shall work 50 per :ent. sound. 

RED CEDAR. 

Shall be graded as log run and shall be 2 inches and 
over wide and any length from 2 feet up, and any board 
that will not make half sound lumber shall be classed 
as a Mill Cull and thrown out. 

SYCAMORE. 

The grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds and 
Common. 

Firsts shall be 8 inches in width and free from all 
defects. 

Seconds shall be 6 inches and upwards in width, and 
at 8 inches will admit one standard knot or one inch of 
sap on face side, and at 10 inches wide two inches of sap 
on face side or two standard knots; 12 inches wide, 3 
standard knots; 14 inches wide will admit of three 
standard knots. 

Sound sap is no defect. Splits allowed equal to the 
width of the board. 

Common shall contain all other lumber not contained 
in the above grades, and shall be 3 inches and over, and 
merchantable one half its length or width. 

Sycamore for tobacco boxes must be sawed % inches 
thick and 13 and 15 inches wide as far as practicable, 
and the balance of measurements one foot for each defect 
equal to the standard. Where it is necessary to cut one- 
third the contents of a board it shall be thrown out as 
worthless, or Mill Cull. 



202 BAI/TIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



SYCAMORE. (QUARTER-SAWED.) 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Selects, 
Clear Strips and Common. Standard lengths shall be 
8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, but not more than 15 percent, 
of 8 and 10 feet shall be admitted. 

Standard Thicknesses shall be 1, 1%, iy 2 , 2, 2Y 2 , 
3, 3^2 and 4 inches, admitting 20 percent, of thin lum- 
ber if not more than 1-32 of an inch scant on heart edge 
up to 2 inches and 1-16 of an inch in thicker stock. 
Sap is no defect. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and upward wide, free from 
all defects. 

Seconds shall be 5 inches and over in width; 6 to 8 
inches will admit of one standard knot or equal defects; 
9 inches or over will admit two standard knots or equal 
defects, or one knot of double size. 

The proportion of Firsts in the combined grades of 
Firsts and Seconds shall not be less than 50 per cent. 

The, average width of Firsts and Seconds shall not be 
less than 8 inches. 

Clear Strips shall be 2V 2 , 3, 3V 2 , 4 and 4y 2 inches 
wide and one face shall be Clear. 

Selects must be 4 inches and up in width. At 5 inches 
will admit of one standard knot; at 7 inches two stand- 
ard knots; at 9 inches will admit of three standard knots 
or other equal defects. 

Common shall contain all lumber not included in the 
above grades; it shall be 3 inches and over wide, and 
merchantable one-half its length or width. 

No lumber shall be classed as quarter-sawed if the 
angle is less than 45 degrees with the face of the board. 

A Standard Knot shall have an area equal to the 
area of a circle IV2 inches in diameter, and shall not be 
larger than 4 inches, or when two standard knots are 
admissible one knot can have double the surface. 

WALNUT. 

Grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common 
and Cull. Standard lengths shall be S, 10, 12, L4 and 
16 feet and not to exceed 15 per cent, of 8 feet will be 
admitted. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, or other 



Baltimore: cypress inspection. 203 

equal defects; at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two knots 
may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this 
character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common or Rejects shall be 5 inches and over wide, 
and shall include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts 
and Seconds, but full three-quarters of the piece shall be 
available as sound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- 
scription of Common, and available one-third as sound 
lumber. 



BALTIMORE CYPRESS IN- 
SPECTION. 



Rules for Inspection of all Southern Cypress other than 
North Carolina. Adopted by this Exchange, February 
6th, 1893. 

No. 1 must be 7 inches and over in width, 10 feet and 
over in length, sound, square edged, and clear of knots; 
one heart face, the other face two-thirds heart. 

No. 2, shall be sound, square edged, one face three- 
fourths heart and show heart on other face, one stand- 
ard knot to the extent of every 4 feet of contents ad- 
missible. 

CullingS. — Any cypress not admissible to the above 
grades. 

NORTH CAROLINA CYPRESS. 

No I. — 1x6 must be sound, square edge, clear of knots 
and stained sap on one face. 

No. 2. — 1x6 must be sound, square edge and will ad- 
mit of stained sap and two standard knots, or three or 
four small knots equal thereto. 

Fencing. — Shall be sound, 1x6 — 16 feet, regardless of 
knots. Cullings. — Any sound lumber below the above 
grades, including 1x6 under 16 feet. 

No. I Edge, must be sound, square edged, clear of 
knots and stained sap on one face. 



204 BALTIMORE YELLOW PINK FLOORING INSPECTION. 



No. 2 Kdgfe, must be sound, square edged, admit of 
stained sap, and one standard knot or small knots equal 
thereto, to every four feet of its contents. 

Cullings. — Any sound lumber below the above 
grades will be classed as culls. 



BALTIMORE YELLOW PINE 
FLOORING INSPECTION. 



Rules for Inspection of Yellow Pine Flooring-, Adopted by 
this Exchange, January 17th, 1887. 



All lumber intended for flooring shall be measured at 
its narrowest place. 

VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA FLOORING. 

No. I. of 1 and IV4 inches in thickness, in order to 
rate as No. 1 flooring in quality, shall have one side free 
from knots, shakes and stain, the other side to be sound. 

No, Z consists of boards with small sound knots on 
the best side and to be free from worm holes and shakes. 

Sap stained boards are included in the No. 2 grade. 

Black stained boards the entire length are classed as 
No. 3 or Box. 

Culls. — All boards not coming up to the grade of No. 
2 in quality are classed as Box or Culls, excepting con- 
demned boards which are thoroughly unsound or 
rotten. 

SOUTHERN FLOORING 4-4 AND 5-4. 

No. I southern yellow pine heart-faced lumber admits 
of V2 inch of sap on one edge of a board not wider than 7 
inches, and on boards wider than 7 inches V2 inch of sap 
is allowable on both edges. It is also to be free from 
shakes, rot, and large or unsound knots. Knots not ex- 
ceeding % of an inch in diameter, and sound, not more 
than one knot to every 4 feet of contents are allowed. 

It is expected that this grade shall make (when 
worked) at least 85 per cent, of clear face flooring. 

No. 2. — All flooring not coming up to No. 1 grade is 
classed as No. 2, excepting condemned boards which are 
thoroughly unsound or rotten. 



CINCINNATI WHITER PINE) INSPECTION. 205 

BALTIMORE WHITE PINE 
INSPECTION. 



It is reported to the publisher that in Baltimore there 
are no official rules lor White Pine inspection, but that 
the rules governing Williamsport, Pa., and Chicago are, 
practically, the ones in general use. The qualities are as 
follows: Panel, Selects, Picks, Shelving, Barn and Cull- 
ings. 



CINCINNATI INSPECTION. 



Rules for the Classification and Inspection of dumber 
Adopted by the Cincinnati, O. , Chamber of Commerce, 
February 13, 1889, and Amended August 33, 1889. 
These Rules are Still in Force and are Observed 
Closely. 

WHITE PINE LUMBER. 

First and Second Clear shall be not less than 10 
inches wide, and perfect up to 11 inches in width; will 
then allow imperfections equal to bright sap 1 inch on 
one side of the whole length of the piece, if well manu- 
factured; as width increases, will allow other or larger 
imperfections in knots or sap in proportion to the width, 
but not imperfections enough to decrease the value below 
the above described piece. 

Third Clear shall be not less than 9 inches in width, 
and perfect up to 10 inches; wider than 10 inches, im- 
perfections equal to bright sap 2 inches on one side of the 
whole piece, or two knots aggregating the size of a half 
dollar, will be allowed as to the general location and 
effect upon the use of the board. 

Selects take a piece 12 inches wide and 12 feet long 
as a basis; this width will admit of not to exceed three 
defects; if free from sap, may allow three knots aggre- 



206 CINCINNATI WHITK PINE INSPECTION. 



gating the size of a silver dollar, or their equivalent, on 
one side; if free from knots, it may allow two saps equal 
to 2 inches on each side; if bright, pieces under 9 inches 
wide must be perfect on one side; over 12 inches wide, 
defects may be allowed in proportion to width. 

First Common, if narrow, one side may be well 
covered with bright sap running through 1 to IV2 inches 
on each edge; no knots on face; such a piece may be from 
7 to 10 inches wide; at 10 to 14 inches some knots and less 
sap; this class makes good one-side lumber for finishing 
and in general knots may be allowed of a character not 
to injure the piece for finishing purposes or for cutting up. 

Second Common will admit of any amount of bright 
sap, together with round knots aggregating not over 
IV2 inches in pieces 14 inches or over wide, and shall be 
free from rot and shake. 

Shop may have large, loose, rotten knots, shake and 
sap, and shall cut up at least 66% percent, clear of knots 
and ishake. 

Third Common shall be a coarser board or piece than 
second common, but the knots, while they may be larger, 
must be tight; this grade will admit of some shake at one 
end of the piece, also straight splits not to exceed ^ of" 
the length of the piece. 

Fonith Common may have large, coarse unsound 
knots and shake. 

Boxing. — This grade includes all boards with loose 
knots, red streaks and bad shake. 



Clear.— 1x4 and 1x6 shall be free from sap and all 
other defects; perfect in thickness and width. 

No. I may have two or three small sound knots, or 
bright sap V2 to %-inch in width on one side of strip. 

No. 2 will admit of any amount of bright sap, and not 
over three small sound knots, each to be not larger than 
1 1 inch in diameter, and be free from rot and shake. 

No. 3, as a sound strip, and will admit of small, tight 
knots; must be free from rot, shake, hearts, and splits. 

No. 4 is a coarse-knotted strip, but the knots, while 
they may be large, must be tight; may contain some 
shake. 



CINCINNATI YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 207 



FLOORING, CEILING AND PARTITION. 

Clear. — 1x4 and 1x6 shall be free from sap and all 
other defects, perfect in thickness and width. 

No. I may have two or three small, sound knots, or 
bright sap Vfc to %-inch in width on one side. 

No. 2 will admit of any amount of bright sap, and not 
over three small, sound knots, each to be not larger than 
1 inch in diameter, and be free from rot or shake. 

No. 3 willoadmit of small, tight knots, and must be 
free from rot, shake, hearts and splits. 

No. 4 may be coarser than No. 3, but the knots, while 
they may be large, must be tight; may contain some 
shake. 

No. 5 may have large > coarse, or unsound knots, red 
streaks and bad shake. 

SIDING. 

Clear must be free from all defects. 

No. 1 may allow two inches of bright sap one-half the 
length of the piece, or its equivalent; or if free from sap, 
may allow one or two small knots, each not to exceed 
% inch in diameter, if sound. 

No. 2, may allow on the face of the board bright sap, 
or three knots, if sound, each not more than ^-inch in 
diameter in a 12-foot piece, and more in longer lengths; 
but a piece having both knots and sap must have less of 
each defect. 

No. 3 must be sound, and will admit of sap and small, 
tight knots, and be free from rot, shake, hearts, and 
splits. 

YELLOW PINE. 

FLOORING, CEILING AND PARTITION. 

First and Second Clear shall be free from knots, 
and may contain some bright sap. 

First Standard will admit of bright sap, and not 
more than one small knot in a 12-foot piece. 

Second Standard will admit of bright sap, and not 
over three small knots in a 12-foot piece. 

Common.— All stained sap and large knotted pieces 
shall go into this grade. 



208 CINCINNATI POPLAR INSPECTION. 



POPLAR. 

In poplar lumber inspection, the Inspector is in- 
structed to use his best judgment, based upon the gen- 
eral rules laid down for his guidance. He must inspect 
all boards and plank on the poorest side. The standard 
knot is to be considered as not exceeding 1 X A inches in 
diameter, and of a sound character. Splits are always 
a greater or less damage to poplar lumber, and will re- 
duce a piece to one grade lower if the split is over 12 
inches in length in boards and plank, or six inches in 
strips; but splits must be straight, and in one end only, 
to be allowed. All lumber must be sawed so that it will 
be of the standard thicknesses when seasoned. All lum- 
ber must be sawed square edged, unless otherwise 
ordered; and boards and plank having bark and wane 
must be reduced one grade, and measured inside the 
wane or bark. All boards one inch thick and under 
shall be measured face measure. If sawed scant, must 
be placed v in next thickness below. All badly mis-sawed 
lumber shall be classed as culls. No cull is considered as 
having a market value which will not work one-half its 
size without waste. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected 
with a view to the adaptability of the piece for the in- 
tended use, as in many cases it cannot be utilized for 
other purposes. 

In the inspection of the combined grades of Firsts and 
Seconds, 60 per cent, shall be Firsts, and may contain 
40 per cent, of Seconds. 

Standard lengths are always recognized as being 
12, 14, and 16 feet; but ten per cent of 10-foot lengths 
may be allowed. Shorter than 10 feet does not come 
within the range of marketable, although sometimes 
admitted. 

Squares.— The sizes shall be 4x4, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 
and 10x10. 

Worm holes are to be considered as one of the most 
serious defects in poplar lumber. 

Firsts. — One to two inches in thickness shall be 8 
inches and upward wide and absolutely clear up to 10 
inches in width. At 11 inches, one inch of bright sap 
will be allowed. At 12 to 15 inches wide, two inches of 



CINCINNATI POPLAR INSPECTION. 209 



bright sap will be allowed, or one standard knot. At 
16 inches and over in width, three inches of bright sap 
on one edge will be allowed, or two standard knots. 

Seconds. — One inch to two inches in thickness shall 
be 8 inches and upward in width, and at 8 and 9 
inches wide will admit one inch of bright sap, but no 
other defects. At 10 to 12 inches wide, will admit of 
two inches of bright sap, or one standard knot. At 13 
to 15 inches wide, will admit of three inches of bright 
sap and one standard knot, or two standard knots if 
there is no. sap. At 16 inches and over, will admit of 
five inches of bright sap and one standard knot; if there 
is no sap, then three standard knots will be admitted. 

First and Second poplar 2%, 3 and 4 inches thick, 
shall be 10 inches and over wide; %, %, % and % inches 
thick shall be ten inches and over wide, and contain not 
less than 75 per cent of firsts. 

Poplar Squares. — Shall be of the combined grades 
of firsts and seconds; 4x4 must be clear of all defects, 
excepting ^2 inch of sap on the face side; 5x5 and 6x6 
will admit of two inches of bright sap on one face; 7x7, 
8x8, 9x9, and 10x10, will admit of three inches of bright 
sap on one face. Squares must be free of hearts and un- 
sound knots. 

Box Boards.— Is a special grade. 

Sap Clear. — Shall be sound, but not black, six inches 
and over in width and free from all defects. 

Common. — Shall include any width not less than six 
inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and 
knots beyond those described in seconds. Two unsound 
standard knots will be allowed in this grade if over 12 
inches wide, and straight splits shall not be considered 
a defect; otherwise, lumber must be sound. 

Cull Poplar.— Shall include all grades not up to the 
standard of common, and must be available one-half of 
its size without waste. 

Poplar Strips shall be four and six inches wide, and 
known as clear, second clear, and common clear, shall 
be free from all defects. Second Clear. — May have 
bright sap, but be free from other defects. Common. — 
May contain from one to four standard knots, and a 
slight amount Of discolored sap. 



210 CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



HARDWOOD LUMBER. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

The grades of Black Walnut shall consist of Firsts and 
Seconds, Rejects, Shipping Culls, and Mill Culls. The 
combined grades of First and Seconds shall consist of f>0 
per cent of Firsts and 50 per cent of Seconds, unless 
otherwise stated. 

Firsts. — Shall not be less than 7 inches in width; 
from 7 to 10 inches, shall be clear of all defects; 10 to 16 
inches wide, may have 1% inches bright sap, or one 
standard knot; 16 inches wide and upward, may have 
2 inches of bright sap, or two standard knots. 

Seconds. — Shall be less than 6 inches in width; from 
6 to 8 inches, must be clear of all defects; 8 to 10 inches, 
will admit of 1% inches of sap, or two standard knots; 
10 to 16 inches wide, will admit of 2 inches of sap, or 
two standard knots; 18 inches wide and upward, may 
have 3 inches of sap, or three standard knots; 12 inches 
wide and upward, will admit of a split, if straight; one- 
sixth the length of the piece, provided the piece be equal 
to Firsts in other respects. Not over 10 per cent of 
Seconds will be taken with splits of the above charac- 
ter. 

Rejects. — Shall not be less than 4 inches in width; 
from 4 to 7 inches may have 1 inch of sap, or one stand- 
ard knot; 7 to 12 inches wide, may have 2 inches of 
sap, or two sound knots; 12 to 18 inches wide, may 
have 4 inches of sap, or four sound knots; above 18 
inches, may have 5 inches of bright, sound sap. 

Shipping Culls. — Shall include all lumber not equal 
to Rejects, that will average and work one-half of its 
width and length without waste. 

Mill Culls.— Shall embrace everything not included 
in shipping culls, and must work one-fourth of its size 
without waste. 

CHERRY. 

Cherry shall be graded and inspected according to the 
rules given for Black Walnut, with the exception of gum 
specks. Gum specks in Cherry are a defect, and if exces- 
sive will lower the piece one or two grades. 



CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 211 



BUTTERNUT OR WHITE WALNUT AND CHESTNUT. 

Butternut or White Walnut and Chestnut shall be in- 
spected Firsts and Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds.— Must not be less than 6 
inches wide and clear up to 8 inches; but at 8 inches, 
may have 1 inch of sap or two standard knots. Defects 
may increase with the width, in proportion. Worm- 
holes are absolutely excluded from this grade. 

Culls.— Shall include all lumber not up to the stand- 
ard of seconds, but shall work not less than one-half of 
its size. 

RED SWEET GUM. 

Red Sweet Gum shall be inspected according to the 
rules governing Poplar, with the exception of sap on 
Firsts and Seconds, 2 iches of sap being the extreme 
width allowed on pieces 18 inches wide and upward, a 
proportionate amount being allowed on pieces running 
from that down to 10 inches. . 

ASH, BEECH, COTTONWOOD, SUGAR MAPLE, SOFT OR 
WATER MAPLE, AND SYCAMORE. 

Ash, Beech, Cottonwood, Sugar Maple, Soft or Water 
Maple, and Sycamore shall be inspected according to 
rules governing Poplar, with the exception of bright 
and sound sap, which will not be considered a defect. 

PLAIN OAK. 

Firsts.— Shall not be less than 8 inches in width; from 
8 to 12 inches shall be clear; 12 to 18 inches wide, may 
have one standard knot; 16 to 20 inches wide, may 
have two standard knots, showing on one side only, or 
2 inches of sound sap. Worm holes will not be ad- 
mitted. 

Seconds.— Shall not be less than 6 inches in width; 
from 8 to 12 inches, may have two standard knots; 12 
to 16 inches, may have three standard knots; 16 to 18 
inches, may have three inches of bright, sound sap. 

Live sap admitted on one side in the grades of Firsts 



212 CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



and Seconds in plain oak not to exceed one-fifth of the 
surface, if without other defects. 

Cull and Common Oak.— Shall be inspected accord 
ing to the rules governing Poplar. 

QUARTERED OAK. 

Firsts. — Shall not be less than 6 inches in width; 
from 6 to 8 inches, must be clear; 8 to 12 inches, may 
have one standard knot, showing only on one side, or 
an equal defect. 

Seconds. — Shall not be less than 5 inches in width; 5 
to 9 inches, may have one standard knot, or equal de- 
fect; 9 to 12 inches, may have two standard knots, or 
an equal defect. 



LOUISVILLE HARDWOOD 
INSPECTION. 



Adopted by the Lumbermen's Exchange, Louisville, Ky. 
May 7, 1888. 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSPECTION OF LUMBER 

It is impossible to make rules that will govern every 
piece of lumber, there being no two pieces of lumber ex- 
actly alike; it is therefore expected that the Inspector 
shall be a person of experience, and use his best judg- 
ment — based upon the general rules given; making no 
allowance for the purpose of raising or lowering the 
grades of a piece. 

The Inspector must not favor either buyer or seller, 
but take lumber as he finds it, and pass upon each piece 
the grade to which it belongs. Inspectors should ex- 
amine all lumber on the poorest side, except flooring. 
All lumber must be measured in even lengths, excepting 
stock that is cut to order for special purposes, when it 
shall be measured for the full contents. Bark or waney 
pieces shall be measured inside the bark or wane. All 



LOUISVILLE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 21, 



tapering pieces will be measured one-third the length of 
the piece from the small end. 

AH badly cut or mis-sawed lumber shall be classed as 
Cull, or placed one grade below what it would be if 
properly manufactured. All lumber shall be sawed thick 
enough to meet the required thickness when seasoned. 
Lumber sawed for Newels, Columns, Balusters, Axles or 
other specific purposes, must be inspected with a view of 
the intended use of the piece, and the adaptability for 
that purpose, as in most cases it cannot be utilized 
for other purposes. In the inspection of the combined 
grade of Firsts and Seconds, it will be the duty of the In- 
spector to see that an undue amount of Seconds do 
not appear. Heart pieces are excluded from all grades 
above Cull. Worm-holes are considered one of the most 
serious defects. Gum spots in Cherry is a defect, and, il 
excessive, will lower the piece one or two grades. 
Warped, twisted, flood-stained, stick-rotten lumber shall 
either be classed as Cull or Mill Cull and Refuse. 

The standard lengths of Poplar to be 12, 14 and 
16 feet, admitting 10 per cent of 10 feet length; Walnut 
and Cherry, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet lengths, admitting 
10 per cent ol 8 feet; 8 feet to be admitted as No. 1 must 
be 12 inches wide and upwards; to grade as No. 2, 8 
inches wide and upwards. 

A standard knot must not exceed 1*4 inches dia- 
meter, and must be sound. Log Run shall be the un- 
picked run of the log, Mill Cull out. Lumber sold on 
grade, and without special contract, will be measured 
according to these rules. The Inspector will be required 
to keep a correct copy of all measurements, and give 
duplicate of same to both buyer and seller. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

Combined grade of Firsts and Seconds, Rejects and 
Shipping Culls. 

No. I, from 8 to 10 inches, shall be clear of all defects; 
10 to 16 inches wide may have 1^ inches bright sap or 
one standard knot; 16 inches wide and upwards may 
have 2 inches bright sap or two standard knots, show- 
ing on one side only. 

Seconds. — Six inches wide and upwards, must be 



114 LOUISVILLE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



clear of all defects at 7 inches; at 10 inches will admit of 
1% inches sap or two standard knots; 10 to 16 inches 
wide will admit of 2 inches sap or two standard knots; 
16 inches wide and upwards may have 3 inches sap or 
three standai'd knots; 12 inches wide and upwards will 
admit of a split, if straight, one-sixth the length of the 
piece, provided the piece be equal to No. 1 in other re- 
spects. Not over 10 per cent of Seconds will be taken 
with splits of the above character. 

Rejects. — Five inches wide and upwards; at 7 inches 
may have 1 inch sap or one standard knot; 7 to 12 
inches wide may have 2 inches sap or two sound knots; 
12 to 18 inches wide may have 4 inches sap or 4 sound 
knots; above 18 inches may have 5 inches bright, sound 
sap. 

Shipping - Culls will include all lumber not equal to 
the above, that will average and work two-thirds its 
width and length. 

CHERRY AND BUTTERNUT— ( OR WHITE WALNUT) 

Will be graded and inspected according to the rules given 
for Black Walnut, with the exception of gum specks in 
Chen-y. — See instructions. 

POPLAR 

Will include the combined grade of Firsts and Seconds — 
No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, or Shipping Cull. The 
combined grade of First and Seconds shall not be less 
than 65 per cent of No. 1. 

Firsts shall be 10 inches wide and upwards, and clear 
of all defects at 12 inches; 12 to 15 inches may have l 1 /^ 
inches bright sap or one standard knot, showing on one 
side only; 15 to 18 inches may have 2 inches sap; 18 
inches and upwards may have 3 inches sap ortwo stand- 
ard knots, showing on one side onty. 

Seconds. — Eight inches wide and upwards, clear of 
all defects at 9 inches; at 10 inches wide may have one 
standard knot or a split not over 12 inches long; 15 to 
18 inches wide may have two standard knots or 3 
inches bright sap; 18 to 22 inches may have three stand- 
ard knots or 4 inches bright, sound sap. 

No. I Common shall be 6 inches wide and upwards, 



LOUISVILLE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



215 



bright, sound, clear sap not a defect in this grade; 8 to 
12 inches wide may have three standard knots; 12 to 16 
inches wide, four standard knots; 16 to 24 inches, five 
standard knots, or may have straight heart-crack not 
showing over one-fourth the length-of the piece, if it have 
no other defect excepting bright sap. 

No. 2 Common or Shipping Cull will include lum- 
ber with more defects than the No. 1 Common. Pieces 
will be counted where two-thirds of the piece will be 
available to use for rough manufacturing purposes, 
stained sap or other defects will be counted in this grade, 
dotted and rotten sap, and other lumber than as above 
named will be classed as Mill Cull or Refuse, and have 
no standard value. 

Six-inch weather-board strips should be cut lull width, 
and full 1V 8 inches thick. No. 1 must be clear of all de- 
fects. No. 2 may have IVi inches bright, sound sap, 
showing on one side only, or two standard knots. 

RED SWEET GUM 

Will be inspected according to the rules governing 
Poplar, with the exception of sap on the Firsts and Sec- 
onds, 2 inches sap being the extreme width allowed on 
pieces 18 inches wide and upwards, a proportionate 
amount being allowed on pieces running from that down 
to 10 inches. 

ASH, BEECH, COTTONWOOD, SUGAR MAPLE, SOFT, OR 
WATER MAPLE, SYCAMORE AND CHESTNUT 

Will be inspected according to rules governing Poplar— 
with the exception of bright and sound sap, which will 
not be considered a defect. 

PLAIN OAK. 

Firsts— Eight inches wide and upwards shall be clear 
at 12 inches; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one 
standard knot; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit of two 
standard knots, showing on one side only, or 2 inches 
sound sap. 

Seconds.— Eight inches wide and upward; 8 to 12 
inches wide will admit of two standard knots; 13 to 16 
inches wide will admit of three standard knots; 15 to 



216 POPLAR INSPECTION. 

18 inches will admit of 3 inches bright, sound sap. Cull 
and Common Oak will be inspected according to rules 
governing poplar. 

HICKORY. 

Inspection same as Oak, excepting that bright, sound 
sap is not to be considered a defect, and Firsts and Sec- 
onds to be 6 inches wide and upwards. 

RED ELM. 
Firsts and Seconds will be inspected according to rules 
given for Oak. 

QUARTERED OAK. 

Firsts and Seconds — First to be 6 inches and over in 
width, must be clear at 8 inches; 8 to 12 inches will ad- 
mit of one standard knot, showing only one side, or an 
equal defect. Seconds, 5 inches and over in width; 5 
to 9 inches will admit of one standard knot or equal de- 
fect; 9 to 12 inches wide will admit of two standard 
knots, or equal defect. 



POPLAR INSPECTION. 



Adopted by the Poplar Manufacturers* Association, 
August, 1892. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 

It shall be the duty of the inspector in determining 
the quality of the lumber inspected by him to place the 
same in that class or quality to which it approaches 
nearest in description and value; at all times using the 
description of qualities contained in this Act as the stand- 
ard of comparison. 

He shall inspect and measure all lumber Standard 
grades, lengths and thickness as herein described, which 
will be known as standard inspection, unless the lumber 
be cut for specific purposes, in which case he shall be 



POPLAR INSPECTION. 217 



governed by the conditions of the trade as made known 
to him. 

He must inspect all boards or plank on the poorest 
side, excepting as hereinafter provided. 

All tapering boards shall be measured at the narrow- 
end, and in lengths of even feet. 

The Standard Knot shall not exceed 1% inch in 
diameter and must be of sound character, though not 
necessarily all bright or white. 

Splits exceeding the width of the beard in firsts and 
seconds will reduce it one grade. 

Bark, Waney Boards or Plank must be measured in- 
side of the wane or bark, or, if measured full, must be 
reduced one grade. 

All badly mis-sawed lumber will be classed as culls. 

All lumber sawed for specific purposes must be in- 
spected with a view to the adaptability for which it is 
intended. 

In grades permitting bright or discolored sap or stand- 
ard knots, one standard knot will be considered equiva- 
lent to three inches of bright sap. 

In grades permitting unsound knots, one unsound 
knot will be equivalent to two standard knots. 

Worm holes are to be considered a defect in poplar 
lumber. 

All standard grades of merchantable lumber shall be 
classified for the purpose of inspection as follows: 

Firsts, Seconds, Selects, No. 1 Saps, No. 2 Saps, Com- 
mons, Shipping Culls, Mill Culls and squares. 

The Standard Lengths shall be 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 
and 20 feet; but the percent, of 10, 1 8 and 20 feet lengths 
shall not exceed 15 per cent, of the whole. 

The Standard Thickness shall be 1, 13€ IV2, 2, 
2V2, 3 and 4 inches. 

All lumber less than one inch shall be measured face 
measure. 

In measuring lumber all fractions amounting to over 
one-half foot will be considered as a whole foot: one-half 
foot and under will not be measured. All lumber pro- 
miscuous widths, contents shall be marked on each piece. 
5-4 inch and up in thickness to be measured with plank 
rules. 



218 POPLAR INSPECTION. 



Firsts and seconds, % inch and under, in thickness shall 
be 10 inches and up in width, and graded same as one 
inch Firsts and Seconds thicker than two inches shall 
be 10 inches and over in width and graded same as one 
inch, allowing defects according to thickness as well as 
width. 

Firsts. — One to two inches in thickness shall be eight 
inches and wider^ clear up to and including ten inches. 
At 11 inches wide will admit of one inch bright sap. At 
12 inches wide will admit of two inches of bright sap. 
At 13 inches wide will admit of three inches bright sap. 
At 14 inches wide will admit of four inches bright sap. 
At 15 inches wide will admit of five inches bright sap, 
or one standard knot. At 16 inches wide will admit ol 
six inches bright sap or two standard knots. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in propor- 
tion. Firsts shall ha^e no splits. 

Seconds. — One to two inches in thickness shall be 7 
inches and upward in width. At 8 inches wide will ad- 
mit of one inch bright sap. At 9 inches wide will admit 
of two inches bright sap. At 10 inches wide will admit 
of three inches bright sap, or one standard knot. At 11 
inches wide will admit of four inches bright sap, or one 
standard knot. At 12 inches wide will admit of five 
inches bright sap, or its equivalent in standard knots. 
At 13 inches wide will admit of six inches bright sap, or 
its equivalent in standard knots. At 14 inches wide 
will admit of seven inches bright sap, or its equivalent in 
standard knots. At 15 inches wide will admit of eight 
inches bright sap, or its equivalent in standard knots. 
At 16 inches wide will admit of nine inches bright sap, 
or its equivalent in standard knots. As widths increase 
bright sap may increase in proportion, or its equivalent 
in standard knots. Splits exceeding the width of the 
board will not be allowed in seconds. 

In the Combined Grade of Firsts and Seconds, 50 per 
cent, shall be Firsts and 50 per cent. Seconds. 

Selects shall be lumber that will inspect as good as 
Firsts and Seconds on one side regardless of the inspec- 
tion of the other side, and may be any width. 

No. i Saps shall be inspected on the face side, be 
four inches and up in width and free from all defects 



POPLAR INSPECTION. 219 



excepting bright sap on the face side, and must be sound 
and practically free from knots on the other side, 

No 2, Saps must be free from all defects on the face 
side excepting black or discolored sap. 

Common shall include any width not less than five 
inches wide, and will allow of bright or discolored sap 
and knots as follows: 

To and including 7 inches wide will allow one stand- 
ard knot on face side. At S, 9 and 10 inches wide two 
standard knots on face side or one unsound knot. At 
11, 12 and 13 inches wide, three standard knots on face 
side or two unsound knots or their equivalent. 

As widths increase defects may increase in proportion, 
provided the board will work two-thirds merchantable 
lumber. Splits maybe allowed one-third of the length 
in this grade. 

Shipping Culls shall comprise stock not up to 
grade of Common, and will be a board or plank which 
can be; used for coarse siding, flooring, sheeting, crating, 
boxing, etc., etc., and may have any number of sound or 
unsound or black knots, worm holes and other 
defects not rendering it unfit for the purposes herein 
described. 

Three quarter inch and under, graded same as 1 inch. 

Mill Culls shall include all lumber not up to grade of 
Shipping Culls. 

Squares shall be graded as No. 1 and No. 2. Bright 
sap shall be no defect. 

No. I Squares, 4x4, 5x5 and 6x6 will be practically 
clear of knots. 7x7, 8x8, 9x9 and 10x10 will admit of 
sound yellow knots. 

No. 2 Squares, 4x4 and up to 10x10 will admit of 
sound knots, stained sap, small season checks, splits not 
to exceed 12 inches in length, and pinworm holes will be 
alllowed. 



Splits shall be classified for the purpose of inspection 
as follows: Firsts Selects, Common and Culls. 

Firsts shall not be less than 4 inches and up to and 
including 6 inches, and will be clear both sides. 

Selects shall not be less than 4 inches and up to and 



220 POPLAR INSPECTION. 

including 6 inches wide, and have one clear face, except 
bright sap, but no other defects. 

Common shall be 4 to 6 inches wide, and will permit 
of bright and discolored sap and standard knots on face 
side. 

Culls shall include all strips not up to grade of Com- 
mon and better than Mill Culls. 

Panel Lumber, all thickness, special grade. 

Wagon Box Boards, special grade. 

ONE-HALF INCH BEVEL SIDING. 

First Grade shall be known as No. 1 , which will be 
absolutely clear face excepting bright or sound sap or 
small knots within 1 inch on the thin edge. 

Second Grade shall be known as No. 2. In this 
grade bright sap will not be considered a defect, or in 
the absence of bright sap, two sound knots not to exceed 
three-quarters of an inch in diameter. 

Third Grade shall be known as No. 3. In this grade 
discolored sound sap will be admitted, or three stand- 
ard knots or their equivalent in smaller knots. 

Four, 5 and 6 inch shall be worked 3% inch, 4% inch 
5% inch wide. 

SEVEN-INCH PATENT OR DROP SIDING. 

First Grade shall be known as No. 1, and shall have 
one clear face and be otherwise sound. 

Second Grade shall be known as No. 2, and will ad- 
mit of bright sap or two standard knots or their equiv- 
alent in smaller knots or sap. 

Third Grade shall be known as No. 3. Stained 
sound sap will not be counted a defect, or three or more 
standard knots can be admitted. 

CEILING AND FLOORING. 

Same grading applies as in patent siding. 
Four, 5 and 6 inch Flooring, Ceiling and Drop Siding 
shall be worked 3%, ^M and 5^4 inch face. 

PARTITION, DRESSED AND WORKED TWO SIDES. 

No. I must be clear of knots both sides. 

No. 2, will admit of bright sap or two standard knots. 



CALIFORNIA REDWOOD INSPECTION. 221 



CASINGS AND BASE, DRESSED FOUR SIDES. 

Graded same as Patent Siding, and shall be inspected 
on face side and worked y 2 inch less than sizes given. 
All Dressed Lumber shall be counted Strip Measure 

MOLDINGS. 

Shall be based on Universal Molding Book. 
WEIGHTS: 

The following are the weights adopted by the Poplar 
Manufacturers' and Wholesale Dealers' Association on 
which to base delivered prices: 

WEIGHT PER 
STOCK. 1,000 FEET. 

Beveled Siding 900 lbs. 

Drop or Patent Siding 2,000 lbs. 

% inch Ceiling 900 lbs. 

i/ 2 " " 1,200 lbs. 

% " " 1,500 lbs. 

% " " 2,000 lbs. 

Boards and plank, 1 inch and thicker, S 2 S 2,500 lbs. 

% inch panel, rough 1,050 lbs. 

1/2 " " rough 1,400 lbs. 

y 2 " " dressed to % inch 1,000 lbs. 

% " " rough 1,650 lbs. 

%" " dressed to i/ 2 inch 1,300 lbs. 

% " " rough 2,100 lbs. 

% " " dressed to % inch J ,600 lbs. 

1 or % inch plank, dressed to % inch 2,000 lbs. 



CALIFORNIA REDWOOD 
INSPECTION. 



Inspection of Different Grades as Used at San Francisco, 
May 7th, 1892. 



Tongued and grooved, tongued, grooved and beaded 
rustic should be dressed to. % inch thick. 
All clear lumber, unless otherwise specified, should be 



222 CALIFORNIA REDWOOD INSPECTION. 

dressed one side ^ inch scant, when dressed two sides 
t 3 w inch scant. 

Clear should be 4 inches and over wide, well manu- 
factured, and free from all defects, and should not include 
pieces that are crooked or sprung to any extent. 

Selects must be stock that is well manufactured and 
otherwise clear, but will allow sap to the extent of one- 
fourth of the surface on one side, sap not to go through 
on the other side in excess of % inch in width. It will 
allow sound knots, the added diameter of which will not 
exceed one-sixth of the width of the piece. All such defects 
should be of such a nature that they could be covered 
when painted. 

Cut UpS must be good, sound material free from sap, 
which will produce 50 per cent of clear lumber by making 
one cut crosswise or one cut lengthwise of the piece. 

Select Saps shall include all lumber too sappy to go 
into the grade of selects, and in which other defects would 
not debar it from being placed with select except the ex- 
cess of sap mentioned above. 

C Saps includes all other sappy lumber of regular 
sizes which can be used for ordinary uses without waste. 

Merchantable includes all sound knotted lumber 
where the knots are not large enough to weaken the 
strength of the piece for ordinary purposes. It must be 
clear o'i sap and well manufactured. 

No. 3 Merchantable includes such as is rejected from 
Merchantable, but which is of regular sizes and of suffi- 
cient strength to allow for cheap building purposes. It 
should not have more than 2 inches of sap on one edge, 
but it will admit of loose or black knots if not too large 
or too many to answer for the use mentioned above. 

Block Stock should be selected with great care to 
avoid lumber that has hard shell between the grain; such 
stock is worthless. Lumber that has a tendency to 
sound knots makes the poorest kind of block stock; lum- 
ber that shows black or rotten knots almost always 
works well. Should be 6 inches and multiples in width. 
If 12 inches and over wide must be full width. Thick- 
ness 1*4 inch and U/fc inch. No sap allowed. Any num- 
ber of rotten and black knots not objectionable as it cuts 
6 to 12 inches long. 



WIELIAMSPORT INSPECTION. 223 

CHICAGO SPECIFICATIONS 
FOR TIES. 



They must be manufactured from good sound timber, 
be it green or dry (not dead or burnt), to be full 8 feet 
long with square ends; hewn to parallel lines not less 
than 6 inches thick (nor more than 7) ; if sawed, it 
would be well to have them uniformly 6M$ inches thick; 
to have a face not less than 6 inches between the bark at 
narrowest part, and the entire lot to average 8 inches. 



WILLIAMSPORT INSPEC- 
TION. 



Rules of Inspection Adopted by the West Branch. 
IVumberman's Exchange, December a8, 1875. 



1. — SELECTS AND BETTER. 

Shall include all the better grades of lumber that is 
equal in value to the following described piece : not less 
then 8 inches in widthr and perfect up to 10 inches in 
width, except sap, which may be admitted IV2 times the 
thickness on the back side. 

Above 10 inches wide will admit of imperfections equal 
to three small knots and sap IV2 times the thickness on face 
side; above 14 inches wide will admit of imperfections 
equal to sap as above, and larger knots and straight 
split, 1-6 the length of the piece; as the width increases, 
will admit of greater imperfections, but not enough to 
decrease the value below the first described piece. 

2. — PICKS. 
This grade shall include all boards below the grade of 
Selects and Better that shall be equal in value to a piece 
from 6 to 9 inches wide, that shall have a perfect face 
with back side sound and free from badly stained sap. 



224 WILLIAMSPORT INSPECTION; 

Above 9 inches wide, will admit of defect equal to sap 

2 inches on either edge of face side, and knots equal to 
one knot 2Mj inches in diameter. 

Above 13 inches wide may admit of defects equal to sap 

3 inches in width on either edge of face side, and three 
knots 2^2 inches in diameter. All boards of this grade 
above 10 inches, may admit of straight split, 1-6 the 
length of the piece, but no board shall be of less value 
than the first described piece. 

3. — FLOORING. 

Shall include all boards below Picks that shall be 5 inches 
in width, with red sound knots not exceeding l 1 /^ inches in 
diameter. Will admit of sap \y% times the thickness of 
the piece, and when above 10 inches in width may admit 
of straight split, 1-6 length of the piece, and should be 
free from shakes, rot and loose knots. 

4.— 3d common or barn boards. 

Shall include all lumber below grade of flooring that 
is of fairly sound character. May admit of straight 
split 14 length of piece, and should be free of large loose 
knots, bad shakes and rot, 

5. — CULLS AND SAMPLES. 

Shall consist of all lumber of a generally unsound 
character, and where the imperfections are too great to 
allow of the board being used for the ordinary uses of 
3d Common or Barn Boards. Worthless, rotten lumber 
should not be counted in this grade. 
6.— PICKETS. 

No. 1. — Shall be clear of knots, wane and black sap, not 
less than % inches thick and 2V2 wide. 

No. 2. — May include sound knots, stained sap and 
wane not to exceed one-half thickness of Picket. Square 
Pickets to be of same grades. 

7. — LATH. 

No. I. — Shall be IV2 inches wide, not less than % of an 
inch thick, packed in bundles of 100 lath to each bundle. 
8.— HEMLOCK. 

consist of ty 
hemlock, 



MICHIGAN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 225 

MICHIGAN HARDWOOD 
INSPECTION. 

Rules for the Wholesale Inspection of Hardwood Lum- 
ber, as adopted by the Northern Michigan Hardwood 
Lumber Manufacturers' Association, 1894. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 

Lumber scant % of an inch in width should be meas- 
ured full to the next higher figure; if scant more than % 
of an inch in width it should be measured at the next 
figure below. 

AH lumber shall be measured surface measure, and all 
fractional thickness afterwards added. 

Lumber should be inspected on the best side, except 
when the other side shows a difference of more than one 
grade. Then it should be inspected one grade lower than 
the best side. 

Inspectors of lumber must measure and inspect lumber 
as they find it, of full length and width (except % inch 
scant as above stated, and as to wane, which must be 
measured out is more than the defect allowed) making 
no allowance for the purpose of raising grade. 

Inspectors must use their best judgment based upon 
these rules for their guidance. 

The Standard Knot shall not exceed li/ 2 inches in 
diameter. Splits are always more or less damage to 
lumber, and the nature of the splits and the kind of lum- 
ber under consideration must be taken into account be- 
fore assignment to proper grade can be made. Except 
in the case of lumber cut for specific purposes, a straight 
split not extending to exceed 1 2 inches in length, shall 
be admitted into the grade of firsts and seconds. A split 
extending to exceed one-fifth the length of the piece will 
reduce it to a cull. 

Lumber should be sawed into plump and even thick- 
ness. Scant sawed lumber must be reduced to the next 
standard thickness, or in case of inch lumber, to one 
grade lower. Uneven sawed lumber should be reduced 
at least one grade. 



226 MICHIGAN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



A cull which will not work one-half of its size free from 
all defects, in one or two pieces, in length or in width 
which may be either ripped out or cut off, or which is 
thinner than one inch, is a mill cull of no marketable 
value. 

Inspectors shall inspect and measure all standard 
grades, lengths and thicknesses, which shall be known as 
standard inspection unless the lumber be cut for specific 
purposes, or unless there be a special agreement between 
the buyer and the seller to the contrary, in either of 
which cases he shall be governed by the condition of the 
trade as made known to him. 

The Standard Grades of lumber shall be Firsts and 
Seconds, common and cull. 

Standard lengths shall be 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 
feet. The first and second grade will admit of nothing 
under 10 feet and not to exceed 10 per cent, of that 
length in any lot. Common will admit of a fair propor- 
tion of 6 and 8 feet in length; 3 and 4 inch strips must be 
8 feet long, and 3, 4 and 5 inch strips must have one side 
and two edges clear. Lumber longer than 16 feet will 
not be admitted into the grades of firsts and seconds 
unless by special agreement. All lumber shorter than 
standard lengths shall be classed mill cull. 

Standard Thickness shall be 1 , 1V 4 , iv 2l 2. 2V 2 , 3, 3V 2 
and 4 inches. In Poplar or Whitewood % inch shall be 
considered a standard thickness. Standard width shall 
be 3 inches and over. 

In the grade of firsts and seconds the purchaser is en- 
titled a fair proportion of clear lumber, which must not 
be less than 33V3 per cent. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in 
width, square edged and properly trimmed. 

Black Stain shall reduce lumber one grade. But not 
more than 5 per cent, shall be taken. 

I/Og Run is the entire cut of the log, mill culls out. 

HARD AND SOFT* MAPLE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be five inches wide and 
over. At 8 inches wide one standard knot or other defects 
equal to it; at ten inches two standard knots or other 



MICHIGAN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 22^ 



defects equal to them may be allowed. An allowance 
for more defects of this character may be made in pro- 
portion to increased width. 

Common shall be 3 inches and over in width, and 
may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use with- 
out waste. At 6 inches in width one standard knot or 
other defects equal thereto, and at 8 inches two standard 
knots or other defects equal thereto may be allowed. 

An allowance for all defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased with. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

BA.SSWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 4 inches wide and 
over. At 7 inches one standard knot or other defects 
equal to it; and at 10 inches two standard knots or 
other defects equal to them may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in 
proportion to increased width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 4 inches and over wide. At 5 
inches one standard knot or other defects equal to it; 
and at 6 inches two standard knots or other defects 
equal to them may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. Slightly discolored sap is allowed. 

Culls may comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 



The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 5 inches wide and 
over. At 8 inches one standard knot or other defects 
equal to it; and at 10 inches two standard knots . or 
or other defects equal to them may be allowed. An 
allowance for more defects of this character may be made 
in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, 
and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use 



MICHIGAN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



without waste. At 6 inches one standard knot or other 
defects equal to it; and at 8 inches two standard knots 
or other defects equal to them may be allowed. An 
allowance for more defects of this character may be made 
in proportion to increase width. Bright sap is no defect. 
Culls may comprise all widths and sizes below de- 
scription of common. 



The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and 6ver. 
At 8 inches one standard knot or other defects equal to 
it; and at 10 inches two standard knots or other defects 
equal to them may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches wide and over, and 
may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use with- 
out waste. At 6 inches one standard knot or other de- 
fects equal to it; and at 8 inches two standard knots or 
other defects equal to them may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in 
proportion to increased width. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 



The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds most be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one standard knot or other defects equal to 
it; and at 10 inches two standard knots or other defects 
equal to them may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over. At 6 inches 
one standard knot or other defects equal to them may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this charac- 
ter may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 



MICHIGAN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 229 



The inspection grades shall consists of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one standard knot or other defects equal to 
it, and at 10 inches two standard knots or other defects 
equal to them may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over. At 6 
inches one standard knot or other defects equal to it, 
and at 8 inches two standard knots or other defects 
equal to them may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

OAK. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds, Common and Cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. 
At 8 inches one standard knot or other defects equal to 
it; and at 10 inches two standard knots or other defects 
equal to them may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this characters may be made in proportion to 
increased width. 

Common shall include 4 inches and over wide, kt 6 
inches one standard knot or other defects equal to it; and 
at 8 inches two standard knots or other defects equal to 
them may be allowed . An allowance for more defects 
of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. Thick planks may contain sound hearts if well 
boxed. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes below the 
description of common. 

Wagon Stock must be cut from good, sound, tough, 
straight-grained timber free from knots. 

Timbers must be free from unsound knots. Sound 
hearts not showing on the outside will be allowed. 



230 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION 



Rules for the Inspection and Measurement of dumber, 
Adopted by the lumberman's Exchange of Nashville, 
Tetin., in i884, and Revised and Corrected, 1887. 



It should be noted that the inspection of Poplar at 
Nashville and other manufacturing points, was intended 
to be superseded by the rules of the Poplar Manufactur- 
ers' and Wholesale Dealers' Association. 

TO INSPECTORS AND MEASURERS. 

It is understood that when the terra strips is used the 
said strips shall be 6 inches in width unless otherwise 
specified. All tapering pieces of lumber to be measured 
one-third the distance from the narrow end, when 12 
inches and over in width at the center; and when less 
than 12 inches wide in center, to be measured at the nar- 
row end. All lumber to be measured in even lengths 
(except Culls), from 12 to 30 feet inclusive in length. 
Above that length, timber shall be counted for what it 
will measure. 

Culls commence 1 leet in length, and then measure 
the same as other qualities. Manufacture should be 
taken into consideration in all qualities, and if badly 
manufactured should reduce the grade. 

Inspectors and Measurers are instructed that the rule 
herein given as to width and thickness is the standard 
width and thickness for merchantable lumber for each 
grade. In no case shall Mill Culls be considered a quality 
for the purpose of increasing the inspection fees. 

RULES FOR THE INSPECTION OF HARDWOOD LUMBER. 

In hardwood inspection the Inspector is instructed to 
use his best judgment, based upon the general rules 
laid down for his guidance. He must inspect all boards 
and plank on the poorest side, excepting in flooring. 

The Standard Knot is to be considered as not ex- 
ceeding IV4 inches in diameter, and of a sound character. 

Splits are alwa\'S a grater or less damage to hard- 
wood lumber, and will reduce a piece to one grade lower 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 23l 



if the split is over 12 inches in length in boards and plank, 
or 6 inches in strips, but splits must be straight and in 
one end only to be allowed-. 

All hardwood lumber should be sawed 1-16 inch 
plump. All lumber must be sawed square-edged, unless 
otherwise ordered, and boards and plank having bark 
or wane must be reduced one grade and measured inside 
wane or bark. All boards 1 inch and under thick shall 
be measured face measure. If sawed 1 inch scant shall 
be reduced one grade; if under % of an inch, reduced two 
grades. All badly mis-sawed lumber shall be classed as 
Culls. No Cull is considered ag having a marketable 
value which will not work one-half its size without 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected 
with a view to the adaptability of the piece for the in- 
tended use, as in many cases it cannot be utilized for 
other purposes. In the inspection of combined grades of 
Firsts and Seconds, an undue predominance of Seconds 
should always be judiciously ascertained as the pur- 
chaser is entitled to the full average in quality, based 
upon the average mill run of the kind of timber involved. 
Standard lengths are always recognized as being 
12, 14 and 16 leet, but 10 per cent of 10-feet lengths 
may be allowed. Shorter than 10 feet does not come 
within the range of marketable, although sometimes 
admitted. In Black Walnut and Cherry an exception 
is made; and 10 feet is recognized as a standard length, 
and 10 per cent of 8-feet lengths may be admitted in the 
Firsts and Seconds and even 6 feet in lower grades. 
Mill Culls are never recognized as marketable; and all 
Culls which will not work to the use for which the 
timber or the size is applicable, without wasting more 
than one-half, are Mill Culls, and shall be so reported on 
certificate, . . . 

Hickory should never be cut while the sap is rising, 
as it is then liable to powder-post, and indications of de- 
terioration of this character should be carefully scruti- 
nized by the Inspector. 

Merchantable includes only sound lumber, tree from 
rot, shake and unsound hearts; hearts in nearly all 
varieties of lumber are to be excluded from all grades 
above Culls. 



232 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 



It is important that all lumber should be parallel in 
width, square-edged and with square ends. 

In Poplar or Whitewood marketable thickness shall 
be recognized as %, %, 1, IV4, IV2, 2, 2V2, 3 and 4 inches. 
One-half, 5 and 6 inches are classed as special sizes. 
When squared, the sizes shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 
8x8, 9x9 and 10x10, and shall be sawed % inch plump. 

Worm-holes are to be considered as one of the most 
serious defects in hardwood lumber. 

DRESSED LUMBER. 

All dressed lumber, such as Weatherboards or Siding, 
Ceiling, Flooring, Molding, etc., shall be measured full 
width as ripped to work. 

POPLAR OR WHITEWOOD. 

Inspection grades shall be known as Clear, Second 
Clear, Common and Culls. 

Clear must be 10 inches or more in width, and free 
from all defects. The square pieces are exempt from this 
rule only as to width. 

Second Clear must not be less than 8 inches in 
width and clear up to 10 inches. Boards or plank 10 to 
12 inches wide may have one standard knot, but no 
other defects; or may have bright sap not over 3 inches 
in width in the aggregate, and no other defects. 

Boards and plank 13 to 16 inches may have two 
standard knots and no other defects; or may have 4 
inches bright sap not to exceed 2V2 inches on any one 
edge, and no other defects. 

Boards and plank 17 inches and over will allow 5 
inches sap not to exceed 3 inches on any one edge, or 
two standard knots, or 2 inches sap and one standard 
knot. 

The two grades above enumerated may be combined 
in one grade, to be designated Firsts and Seconds. 

Combined Grades of Firsts and Seconds shall 
consist of not less than 60 per cent of Firsts. 

Boards and plank 1*4 inches thick shall be 8 inches 
wide and over; % inch thick shall be 12 inches wide and 
over. 

Common shall include any width not less than 7 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 23.3 



inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and 
knots beyond those described in Second Clear. Two un- 
sound standard knots will be allowed in this grade, 
if over 12 inches wide, and straight splits shall not be 
considered a defect; otherwise lumber must be sound. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes having more 
delects than described in common, whether in the lumber 
or character of the knots, badly checked, and generally 
such lumber as is unfit for ordinary purposes without 
waste. 

Box Boards is a special grade. 

POPLAR STRIPS 

Must be full 6 inches wide, 1 inch plump thick when dry, 
12, 14 and 16 feet long. 

Clear shall be free of all defects. 

Second Clear may have bright sap and must be free 
of all other defects. . 

Common shall embrace all sound strips with more 
defects than Second Clear. 

Culls shall contain all unsound strips that will work 
to one-half their contents, and all tapering strips. 

WHITE ASH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- 
onds and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide, 
10 feet and over long and clear up to 8 inches in width. 
Over 8 inches wide and up to 10 inches will allow one 
standard knot; 10 inches wide and over will allow two 
standard knots, but must be free of hearts and dry rot. 

Culls include all defective lumber— heart-shaken, knots 
beyond standard and defective sawing. 

Wagon Tongues must be cut from tough timber, 
straight and free from all defects. 

Flooring must have one face and two edges clear, 
and 4 to 7 inches wide, inclusive. 

WHITE AND BURR OAK 
Shall be inspected as Firsts, Seconds, Common and 
Culls. . ., ' 

Firsts must be 8 inches and over wide and clear up to 



!>4 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 



10 inches; 10 to 12 inches will allow one defect, and de- 
fects may increase with the width. 

Seconds at 6 inches wide will allow one standard 
knot, or a little bright sap. No other defects shall be 
allowed in this grade, but their extent may increase with 
the size of the piece. 

A Combined Grade of Firsts and Seconds must 
not comprise more than 66% per cent of Seconds. 

Common must be free from heart shake, but thick 
planks may contain sound hearts. All knots must be 
sound. 

Culls consist of bad heart plank, wormy or generally 
unsound lumber. 

OAK TIMBER 

Must be sound in all respects; sound knots and hearts 
not showing on the outside of the stick shall not be con- 
sidered defects. 

HICKORY. 

Hickory shall be classed as Boards, Plank and Axles. 

Boards and Planks shall be inspected as Firsts and 
Seconds in one grade, and must not be less than 6 inches 
wide if less than 2 inches thick; this grade shall not ad- 
mit of more than one or two standard knots, but no 
other imperfections. 

Axles must be free from all defects. 

Culls include all lumber not up to the preceding de- 
scription. 

Wane is permitted in boards and planks. 

BLACK WALNUT 

Shall be inspected in three grades— Firsts, Seconds and 
Culls. 

Firsts shall not be less than 8 inches wide and 10 feet 
long, and may allow one standard knot or 1 inch bright 
sap on one side, or a check 10 inches long in a board 
that is 11 inches wide and over when dry. 

Seconds shall be free from heart, wind shakes and 
rot. All strips 6 and 7 inches wide, 10 feet and over 
long, must be clear and straight. Boards 9 inches wide 
will allow one defect if it is small; boards 10 and 11 
inches wide, two defects, provided one is small; boards 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 



235 



12 to 16 inches wide, three defects, if two of them are 
small; and those 16 inches and over will allow three de- 
feet s . 

All' boards must have one black face. Boards 8 inches 
wide and over will admit of sap, but not more than one- 
third on sap'side, and the sap shall be counted as a de- 
fect. A few worm-holes will be allowed in a Second, but 
as it depends on their location and the width of the 
board, it will be left to the discretion of the Inspector. 

Ten per cent of the lumber may be 8 feet long and 
graded the same as lumber of other lengths. 

Culls are all boards that do not come up to the above 
grades, and will work one-half good. 

c Mill Culls are such lumber as is not included m above 
grades. H . ._ n 

" MiscutS.— All miscut boards are to be classified one 
grade below, and must be measured at the thinnest 
place. . . 

Common, or Reject, is to be considered a special 
grade, quality to be decided between seller and buyer. 

CHERRY 
Shall be classified and graded the same as Black Walnut. 
BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. 
Butternut and Chestnut shall be inspected in Firsts 
and Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must not be less than 6 inches 
wide, and clear up to 8 inches, but at 8 inches may have 
an inch of sap or two standard knots. Sap on the face 
side shall be measured out. Defects may increase with 
the width in proportion. Worm-holes are absolutely ex- 
cluded from this grade. 

Culls include all lumber not up to the standard of 
Seconds, but available not less than one-half to work 
without waste. 

SWEET GUM 
Sweet Gum shall be inspected in grades of Firsts and 
Seconds and Common. . 

Firsts and Seconds must not be less than 6 inches 
wide, and must be clear up to 10 inches. Over 10 inches 
may have two standard knots. Sap is wholly excluded 
from this grade. 



236 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 



Common shall include all lumber not up to the stand* 
ard of Firsts and Seconds, in which not less than three- 
fourths of the piece is available for use without waste. 

Culls, worthless. 

BASSWOOD, ELM, SYCAMORE, BEECH AND 
COTTONWOOD. 

The above named varieties of lumber shall be classified 
under an inspection of Good and Cull, and shall not be 
less than 6 inches in width. 

Good shall include all sound lumber free from shake 
and hearts. Standard knots from one to five in number 
do not condemn from this grade in proportion to the 
width of the piece. 

Culls include all lumber not good enough for the pre- 
ceding grade, but in which one-half the piece will work 
without waste. 

YELLOW PINE 
Shall be classed as Clear, Second Clear, Standard and 
Common. 

Clear must be 10 inches or more in width and free 
from all defects. 

Second Clear must be 8 inches or more wide, and 
bright sap not called a delect; will allow one or two 
small sound knots, not over % inch in diameter, showing 
through if free of other defects; face being clear one nar- 
row wane may be allowed. 

Standard is Firsts and Seconds classed together, 50 
per cent being Firsts and Seconds and 50 per cent 
Common. 

Common shall include all lumber poorer than that 
described as Seconds, but free from shake, large unsound 
knots, or rot. 

FLOORING STRIPS 

Shall be 3 to 6 inches wide, and be classed as follows: 

First and Second Clear, 3 and 4 inches wide, may 
have one sound knot not over V2 inch in diameter, and 
free of other defects. No strip in this class shall have 
knot on edge of piece. Bright sap shall not be classed as 
a defect, but blue stain excluded. 

Standard shall contain 50 per cent First and Second 
and 50 per cent Common. 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 



Common shall contain all sound strips below Firsts 
and Seconds. Knots large enough to weaken a strip 
will throw it into Culls. 

Culls. — All unsound pieces and all blued sap pieces. 

TIMBER AND JOISTS 

Must be square edge, and have no defects that will im- 
pair the strength of the piece for the purpose intended. 

RED CEDAR. 

Inspection grades shall consist of No. 1, Common and 
Culls, both in regard to Boards and Dimension Stuff. 
Sound knots in Cedar not considered a defect. 

No. I must be full 6 inches wide and up, 8 to 16 feet 
long; will admit V2 inch of sap on each edge of one face; 
one face must be red; free from all splits and checks; any 
thickness from 1 to 2 inches; evenly sawed. 

Common will admit of boards 4 inches wide and up, 
6 to 16 feet long; one sap face; two unsound knots; 
checks and splits not exceeding 12 inches; clear of wane 
edges. 

Culls will include all boards not good enough for 
preceding grades, but in which one-third of piece will 
work without waste. 

DIMENSION STUFF. 

No. I will include all sizes from 2x4 up, not less than 
6 feet in length, and will admit of % inch sap on each 
face in sizes 6 inches square and over; a i^-inch hollow in 
one end shall not be considered any defect; otherwise 
must be sound and perfect. 

Common will in no wise differ from No. 1, except that 
sap will be considered no defect, and will admit of small 
hollow in each end without regard to size; otherwise 
sound and perfect. 

Culls. — All pieces that do not come up to the above 
grades will be considered Culls. 



238 BURLINGTON, YT., INSPECTION. 



BURLINGTON, VT., INSPEC- 
TION. 



Although doing a large business in lumber, the exten- 
sive market of Burlington has no systematized method 
of inspection. The grades recognized in the Burlington 
market are as follows: Selects, Shelving, Second Shelv- 
ing, Pickings, Shippers, Box and Mill Culls. 

These gradings apply to wide lumber from 8 inches 
and upward. 

Strips 12 feet long and upward are classed as First 
Quality, Second Quality, Third Quality and Box. 

Under 12 feet in length the classes of Firsts and Seconds 
are combined as one, while all unfit for this grade go 
into a still lower grade of Third Quality, or into a new 
grade of Box. 

Spruce is divided into three grades, namely: Clear, 
Number One and Number Two. (See Maine Survey.) 

Selects comprise the finer grades of lumber, and in- 
clude all fair widths approaching to the upper grades of 
other markets, and suited to all the finer finishing pur- 
poses for which the timber is adapted. 

Shelving" includes 10, 12 and 14-inch stock, and is 
classed as First and Second Shelving as to relative qual- 
ity and adaptability to the purpose indicated. First 
Quality ranks about $7 per thousand below Uppers, 
while the Second Quality is from $5 to $7 below the 
First. In both qualities more or less knots and sap mr.y 
be allowed not affecting the board for the purpose from 
which it derives its name. 

Pickings. — A grade of lumber of any width suited to 
one side finishing, embracing Sap Boards and generally 
such lumber as while from width not fitted for Shelving, 
is more defective than Selects, yet filling a position which 
must otherwise be occupied by Selects. As in other mar- 
kets, it may be called the cream of the Common. 

Snippers are of diversified widths, without shake or 
case knots, and free from large, coarse knots, comprising 
the best of the Common after the Picks are removed. 

Box comprises a grade poorer than Shippers, yet tak- 



GEORGIA INSPECTION. 239 



ing the run of the Common in all fairly sound and mer- 
chantable lumber. 

The grades of Shelving (First and Second), Pickings, 
Shippers aud Box are, one and all, selections from Com- 
mon, made with reference to adaptability to the uses in- 
dicated by their designations. 

Mill Culls are the poorest grade of lumber adapted 
to any utility or recognized as merchantable, and bear 
the same descriotion as the same grade in other markets. 



GEORGIA INSPECTION. 



iaw Governing Inspection and Measurement of Wood, 
Timber, dumber, Staves, Etc. 



INSPECTORS. 



1563.— Inspectors may be appointed, their duties pre- 
scribed, their fees fixed, and inspection and marking reg- 
ulations adopted, by the corporate authorities of any 
city for the inspection of guano and other fertilizers, to- 
bacco, salt, pitch, tar, turpentine, rosin, oil, staves, 
shingles, timber, wood, lumber and liquor, and such 
other things as are usually the subject of inspection and 
measurement, and for measuring and gaging the said 
articles, or any of them, within the limits of said city; 
and the same power may be exercised by the ordinary of 
every county outside the limits of such town and within 
the limits of such county; provided, such regulations be 
not inconsistent with the following provisions: 

1. No person shall be permitted to inspect, measure or 
gage, except such as may be regularly appointed, under 
a penalty of $500 for every offense, one-half to go to the 
informer and the other half to the incorporation or 
court having the appointment of inspectors. Every per- 
son so appointed shall be required to take an oath or 
affirmation faithfully to perform the duties of the office 
to the best of his skill and ability, and shall, moreover, 
give bond and security for the faithful discharge of the 



240 GEORGIA INSPECTION. 



duties thereof. All vacancies may be filled by the ap- 
pointing power. 

2. In all seaport towns, where timber or lumber is 
brought for exportation, or otherwise, the same shall be 
inspected and measured, and bills for such measurement 
shall be made out in superficial measurement. 

3. No lumber or timber Inspector or Measurer shall, 
during his term of office, be or become the clerk or agent 
of any lumber or timber buyer, or the clerk or agent of 
lumber mill, on pain of forfeiture of his office, on convic- 
tion, and fine or imprisonment, at the discretion of any 
court having jurisdiction. 

TIMBER. 

4. All square timber shall be measured as follows: 
The length shall be counted from pin-hole and the size 
from the middle of the stick, taking the smallest side 
and the face, throwing off fractions, allowing one-half of 
the wanedge on the side and face; and other flatted 
timber, usually known as saw or mill logs, shall be meas- 
ured one-third from the smallest end. 

5. All sticks which are rotten, hollow, split or broken, 
shall be declared Refuse by the Inspector, and the seller 
shall only be allowed one-half the measurement; but if 
the defect be at or near the end, only as is defective shall 
be declared Refuse. 

6. The hook to the dip-rod shall not be less than 1% 
inches long. 

SCANTLING, BOARDS, ETC. 

7. Ranging Timber, Scantlings and Boards, shall be 
deemed merchantable only when they shall have square 
edges, and be sound and without decay; nevertheless, 
if any Scantling or Board to be measured and inspected 
shall be split, decayed or fractured, more than 2 feet and 
less than 6 feet from the end thereof, such split, decayed 
or fractured part shall be left out and not counted in the 
measurement. 

HEADING. 

8. Heading shall be 2M? feet long, 6 inches broad, 1 
inch thick on one edge, and not less than % of an inch 
on the other edge, sound and free from decay, worm or 
knot-holes; shingles to be 22 inches long, not less thar 



GEORGIA INSPECTION. 241 



3V2 inches wide and V2 inch thick at the thick end, not 
decayed, and free from worm or knot-holes. 

STAVES. 

9. Pipe, Hogshead and Barrel Staves shall be consid- 
ered merchantable only when conditioned as follows: 
Pipe Staves to be at least 54 inches in length, 3 inches in 
breadth and 1 inch thick on the thin edge, sound and 
free from worm or knot-holes; Hogshead Staves to be 
42 inches long, 3 inches broad, and not less than % of 
inch thick on the edges, sound and free from worm or 
knot-holes; Barrel Staves to be 2Y2 feet long, 3 inches 
wide, and not less than % of an inch on their edge, sound 
and free lrom worm or knot-holes. 

PENALTY. 

10. If any inspector or measurer of timber shall fail, 
neglect or refuse to measure timber as is now prescribed 
by law, the said inspector or measurer shall be guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, be subject to a fine 
of $500 and imprisonment in the common jail of the 
county for the term of three months. One-half of said 
$500 shall be, on conviction, paid over to the prose- 
cutor or informer. 

FIREWOOD. 

11. Every cord of firewood shall measure 8 feet in 
length, and 4 in breadth, and 4 in height. Any person 
to whom such wood is offered for sale, who may suspect 
any deficiency, shall have the right to have the same 
measured and corded by any sworn Inspector or Meas- 
urer of the place; and in case of any deficiency appearing, 
the seller shall, besides paying the fees of the Inspector, 
make good the deficiency without delay, or forleit, before 
any court having jurisdiction, the sum of $2 for every 
cord so deficient; in case of no deficiency appearing, the 
fees of the Inspector or Measurer shall be paid by the 
buyer. The corporate authorities of any town or city 
may make such further regulations on this subject as to 
them shall appear proper to insure the objects of this 
section. 

FEES OF INSPECTORS. 

1564. No corporate authority, incorportion or court 



242 LUMBER. AND TIM HER MEASUREMENTS. 



having the appointment of inspectors, shall have power 
to authorize or empower inspectors and measurers of 
lumber and timber to charge more than 25 cents per 
1,000 feet lor inspecting, measuring and turning lumber 
and timber; and any inspector or measurer of lumber 
and timber who shall charge more than 25 cents per 
1,000 feet shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con- 
viction thereof shall be subject to a fine of $500, one-half 
of which shall go to the informer, or imprisonment in the 
county jail of the county for the term of three months. 



LUMBER AND TIMBER 
MEASUREMENTS. 



In the United States, and also largely in Canada and 
Mexico, lumber, timber and logs are sold* by the thousand 
feet," board measure." In this system called "board 
measure," the unit is a piece 12 inches square on the 
surface and 1 inch thick. This rule is invariable in all 
thicknesses above 1 inch, but nothing is reckoned as 
thinner than 1 inch. Thus a piece 16 feet long, 12 inches 
wide and 1 inch thick measures 16 feet board measure; a 
piece of the same length and breadth, but 2 inches thick, 
measures 32 feet board measure, while a piece of the 
same length and breadth, but Vfc inch thick, measures 
12 feet board measure, as would also any other thick- 
ness under 1 inch. A more correct statement would be 
that all thin (that is, under 1 inch in thickness I lumber 
or veneers is measured by the square feet of surface — by 
the superficial foot. The discrepancy between the nom- 
inal measurement and the actual contents of thin lumber 
is allowed for in the price. 

As a general rule, lumber must not be reduced by 
dressing one side to below its standard thickness. That 
is, lumber must be sawed slightly thicker than at what it 
is measured. Matched lumber is giveu the measurement 
of the rough lumber from which it is manufactured, 
though there are some unimportant exceptions to this 
rule, chiefly in the retail trade. 



LUMBER AXD TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 



213 



ENGLISH AXD OTHER LUMBER MEASUREMENTS. 

In England, and other countries intimately associated in 
trade with that county , the unit of measurement is the 
''standard," with the higher denomination, "standard hun- 
dred;" consisting, except in the case of the Quebec standard 
hundred, of 120 pieces of the standard. The following table 
gives the principal standards in use in England: 






CO O '- O O i- ffj 1* t- © 

i-i ao 0! ^ i-l CO i-l co CJ o 

os 6*. o* ■* t- 



7-1 l-H ©> 



U 00 i~< 



% 5 



l-H O 1-1 O 



























































Oi 








































































d 
























d 






















T 


W 




a 




T 














^ 










s- 










a 


>o 






















c 










c 


■ 








R 


kJ 


- 




ft 




= 








i 

ec 


- 


.9 
d 






^ 





- 




HH 




X 




A 


■* 


f. 




T 




a- 




h 


) 


















s- 
















on 
























& 












b 































^3 


•; 


,', 




h 












d 




















o 
















* 




v-\ 




c 




p 




G 







244 LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 



Quebec. — For details in regard to Quebec inspection, 
or "culling," and measurement, reference is made to the 
rules in full on page 105. Deals are generally sold by the 
Petersburg standard; sometimes by the number of pieces, 
Quebec standard. 

~ St. John. — Battens, deals and plank are usually sold 
by the thousand feet, board measure or by Petersburg 
standard, and run from 8 to 26 feet long. All pieces 
under 8 feet are called "ends." 

Miramiche and other lower ports are as at St. John, 
with lengths from 8 to 16 feet. 

I/Ondon.— Pine deals are sold by Petersburg standard; 
spruce deals by London or Dublin standard; square 
timber by board or cubic foot, caliper measure. 

I/iverpool.— Deals are sold by Petersburg standard; 
square timber by load or cubic foot, string measure- 
ment. 

Glasgow. — As at Liverpool. 

Dublin. — Deals are sold by London or Dublin stand- 
ard; square timber by ton, string measure. 

ENGLISH SQUARE TIMBER MEASURES. 

Square timber is bought by the cubic foot or by the 
"ton" of 40 cubic feet, or by the'"load" of 50 cubic feet; 
determined by the string or caliper measure, the latter 
being a disadvantage to the buyer of from 4 to 9 per 
cent. 

LOG MEASUREMENTS. 

The rules in use for the reduction of round logs or 
timber to cubic feet or to feet board measure are 
numerous, but those given below are among the 
principal ones in use. The "string" or "caliper" meas- 
ure is in nse in England or in ports which export 
to the English market. The Doyle rule is the most 
generallv in use in the United States, having largely 
superseded the Scribner. The Lumberman's " Favorite" 
is a rule which, avoiding the inconsistencies of the others, 
has increased in popularity within a few years past. 
The Cumberland river rule" is used in the section indi- 



LUMBER AXD TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 245 



cated bv its name, and the principal market is Nashville, 
Tenn. 

CUSTOM HOUSE CALIPER MEASURE. 

This rule is as follows: The mean diameter (in inches) 
squared, multiplied by the length oi the log (in feet), 
divided by 1 83~ The cpiotient is the cubic contents. 

LIVERPOOL STRING MEASUREMENT. 

Rule. — One quarter of the mean circumference of the 
log (in inches) squared, multiplied by the length of the 
log (in feet). 

As practiced in New York a fine cord is passed around 
the center of the log, making allowance for bark; the 
cord is then doubled twic 3 , giving one-fourth the girth. 
The length of the log is taken to the even loot, rejecting 
all fractions, and the girth to V2 inch. The contents are 
computed to the even foot in soft woods, and to the hall 
foot in hardwoods, Pitch Pine being included in the 
latter. 

By English custom the mean circumference is the mean 
between the greatest and least girths. Example: A log 
30 feet long. Allowing for bark, the girth at the top is 
44 inches; at the bottom is 54 inches. The sum of the 
two is 98 inches, making the mean girth 49 inches. One- 
fourth of that is I2 1 /i inches, or 1 foot and */4 inch. 
Multiplied by itself and then multiplied by the length, 30 
feet, the product is 31V4 cubic feet, the contents of the 
log. 



246 



LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 



CUMBERLAND RIVER LOG SCALE. 

Showing- the number of feet in any straight and perfect log, 
from lO to 18 feet long, and from 15 to 54. inches in diametef. 

~L, in first column indicates length. 



DIAMETERS. 



I. 


15 


16 

76 


17 


18 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 24 


10 


67 


86 


96 


107 


118 


131 


143 


156 171 


12 


80 


91 


103 


115 


128 


142 


157 


172 


18? 205 


14 


93 


106 


120 


134 


149 


1*6 


83 


201 


218 239 


16 


107 


121 


137 


153 


171 


180 


'209 


229 


243 273 


18 


120 


136 


154 


172 


192 


213 


335 


258 


2S0 307 



DIAMETERS. 



L 


25 


26 


27 


28 


29 


30 


31 


32 


33 


34 


10 


185 


199 


216 


233 


250 


267 


285 


303 


323 


343 


12 


2 2 


239 


259 


279 


300 


32(T 


343 


3t.4 


387 


411 


14 


259 


279 


302 


325 


350 


373 


399 


425 


451 


479 


10 


296 


319 


345 


372 


400 


427 


455 


485 


516 


548 


18 


333 


360 


390 


420 


450 


480 


513 


546 


580 


517 



DIAMETERS. 



L 


35 


36 


37 


38 


39 


40 

474 


41 

498 


42 

523 


43 

548 


44 


10 


363 


384 


404 


427 


451 


573 


12 


43"i 


460 


485 


512 


541 


569 


598 


657 


057 


687 


It 


507 


536 


566 


599 


631 


664 


698 


731 


766 


802 


10 


580 


613 


647 


683 


721 


759 


800 


336 


876 


916 


IS 


652 


690 


928 


768 


811 


853 


900 


941 







DIAMETER 



L 


45 


46 


47 


48 


49 


50 


51 


52 53 


54 


10 
12 

14 
10 


600 
720 
840 


627 
752 

877 


654 
785 
916 


682 
819 
955 


712 

854 
996 


742 
880 
1037 


771 
925 
1079 


800 i 829 

960 995 

1122 i 1165 

I 


864 
1037 
1210 


18 
















1 





LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. -'!< 



LOG SCALING. 
The first thing a log scaler determines is the length of 
the log, then its quality or grade, which must be deter- 
mined by the defects visible to the eye. These consist of 
crooks, knots, punks, hollows, etc. Looking at both 
ends of the log he ascertains whether there is any hollow, 
or ring rot, and if the butt is free from shake. " Having 
settled these points, he la3^s his rule on the narrowest 
diameter of the small end of the log. If it is crooked, he 
takes his diameter (always inside the bark) from a point 
which allows the saw to pass through the log, fully re- 
moving the slab. If the butt is hollow, he adds 3 inches 
to the diameter of the hollow, multiplies the size by 
itself, and deducts from the gross measurement. If it is 
a shaky log he allows for that in determining the 
quality. If it has not been properly square butted, he 
makes a memorandum so that the expense of butting 
can be charged to the seller, or logger, unless in the bar- 
gain he is instructed to deduct enough from the measure- 
ment to cover the cost. A log cannot be considered 
merchantable until it is fully prepared for market. If it 
is very knotty, he lowers its grade accordingly, if he is 
grading in quality. If the knots are large, black or rot- 
ten, he is to determine the class in which the log belongs 
by the damage caused by the defects. If the defect is 
ring rot, he should take no account of the log at all, as 
it is not worth the expense of handling, in a majority of 
cases. If a log is less than 24 feet long, it should be 
measured at the end; over that length it is usually meas- 
ured in the middle by calipers. In very long timber it is 
sometimes customary to measure at lengths of 12, 14 or 
16 feet; this, however, is a matter of agreement between 
buyer and seller. Dead timber is always measured inside 
the decayed or black-stained sap. In many hardwood 
sections the sap is always excluded from the diameter of 
the log. Bright sap in Pine, Hemlock, Poplar, White- 
wood, Basswood and Spruceis always measured. Diam- 
eters are always to be taken inside of the bark the 
smallest way of the smallest end of the log. 



246 LOG MEASUREMENTS. 



CLASSIFICATION OF LOGS 
AND RULES OF MEASURE- 
MENTS. 



Adopted by lumberman's Exchange of Nashville, Tenn. 



Poplar I/Ogs shall be graded as follows, and desig- 
nated as No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and Cull. 

No. I shall be 30 inches and upwards in diameter, and 
fresh cut, green, straight, and free from knots, wind- 
shakes and other defects. 

No. 2 shall be 27 to 29 inches, inclusive, in diameter, and 
fresh cut, green, and of the same description as No. 1; or 
logs 30 inches and up in diameter, that have one to three 
small solid knots. 

No. 3 shall be 24 to 26 inches, inclusive, in diameter, 
fresh cut, green, and of the same description as No. 1, or 
logs 27 to 29 inches, inclusive, in diameter, that may 
have one to three knots. 

Cull shall embrace any log not filling the above de- 
scriptions. All logs shall be cut full length. 

The following rules shall govern all measurements for 
defects in Poplar: 

For a hollow log, two-thirds of the diameter of the 
hollow in inches shall be deducted from the diameter of 
the log, and the hollow shall be measured the long way. 

Old poplar logs — that is, logs thathave been held over 
from one season, or logs with the sap damaged or dis- 
colored — shall have four inches deducted from the dia- 
meter of the log. 

All logs shall be measured at both ends. Where there 
is a variation of 1 inch in the diameter, the least end 
shall be taken as the measurement of the log. If a vari- 
ation of 2 inches, the number of inches shall be divided; 
if 3 inches the number of inches shall be divided as if only 
2. If 4 inches, the diameter shall be divided, but if the 
difference exeed?: 4 inches, it shall be divided as if only 4 
inches. 



LOG MEASUREMENTS. 249 



When a log" is "edged" it shall be measured the flat 
way. 

All crotch or forked logs shall be cut off sufficient to 
clear the crotch or fork. 

All crooked logs shall be classed as Cull logs unless 
sufficient deductions are made for straightening. 

Spikes. — Sellers of logs will be held responsible for 
damages resulting from spikes or pieces of iron in logs. 

Brands. — All logs should be branded before being 
brought to market. Brands defaced or changed subjects 
perpetrator to prosecution. 



Log measurements. 



W 

r-1 

£> 

rt 

a 

o 

w i 

En S 

X 

CO 1 

51 

8 3 

w 

B 

P 

hi 

a 

En 



H 

H 
g 


X C. O H Jl M 1^ |m ice l>- 00 -<3i C ,H CI w U# 'io Ico |t> loo |o> 1© 

j | [H jrH ,r-t |i-l jrH jrH ,-HjrH jr^rH ,<N ,N M ,01 |CN J01 |C1 pi jd JCI |C0 


, © x? '" l ~ o ** "^ l ~ 'O Ol UC <.- Q 01 »C t- 'O 11 lie li- 1© 10? lie 

t> cr © cm »n os 5* 25 ice 55 »c x hZbth -r x ^ t i- in w i- 

71 71 "J CO |09 ;CO y jt |t jO jiO .«0 .CO j© CO I- £- ,«.- iCC X CO OB 35 © 


.« © cr. cr. x x 01 t- itg © so 11- n to © to cc © it m it w i« |co 
— t kc © is* 53 go n t .1- o « - ~ '•> »"- co n -r i- ,© 'co — ,© 
:i 01 ci 01 ( sc 09 j« t r t t 25 Uc »o 10 to © ,© i- jt- a- x x ,x jx 


. x ■". « r. -j m c i- t r- ~ »- 01 cr. ;- i- 01 cr. © ico © it- it 
^ r- -T i- a ci <c x © -re cr x *-■ t — cr. 01 1.0 i- — co i© ico n 
-4 oi oi ,0? oi co co ,co t t ,t ,t m |«a ,»c .»e .33 © .© *- t- i- k- x 


jiioic in © t x co i- oi to — >o © -r cr. co x « u- irn is ic lie 
*f cr. oi t © © i-i 't © cr. n f c r. - s © x n co © x It- co 
ci n 9i oj o-( oi to ec co ( « ,t t t t m «^5 |«c «n <c i«c Uo Uc It- k- 


„ ;*» It-i it iep :oo i « -f n- cr. oj l- x io w — to ,x io |0i 

Kt-C « -t i OS n 09 iO t- Q I'M ,t t- JOB t- CO K3 I O 

?i »-< jo« ,oi ,oi « oj OS co ico !« t ,t t |t t ,«£; »n »o Un he 


-r 
7> 

© 


CO 


1 


., oi oi co co co co co co -r t -r ■ t i.o «n ^ x » jc itc Ico ito loi ici 
-1 cc x cr o! t x co c o* t ■-: x cr oj — x x c n!t es b 

01 i-i t-. Ol ( 01 JCN 01 01 CO .CO 09 CO 09 ,t t ;t t t jiiO Ur: 10 i_0 Uo CO 


, co — cr. » it ic t- ico 'ir: co iri ,ob x i— t — x uc 'co icr 'x it- it- 

—1 it j* t- X i-i CO t 'C X C 01 CO' i-O i- ~ t- 01 >t ICO X \o: t- CO 

Oi i-i ,n ( t- «H ,oi let \<u oi ( oi co |co co co co co -r t it t t t Uc Uc 


^ 't 'o; ic cr cc 'Oi x ico x 'eo cr. co x it -cr co oi 
- :i s i; i- » o t- cc t , cc t- ~. a at t ■*. t- 

C-J ~ p jrH jrH jS j 01 JCM |oi |« J« [<M 01 ( C0 09 J09 |0S CO 


X C 71 09 Uc CC 


_ it ix 101 -co cr t 'X [Oi cc io ijq ,x oi cr cr ic .© 
O: n oi It ;ic t- x cr. — oi t ic cc x ~ t- oi t 

_ h tH r- rH iH »-l tH ( 01 ,C1 l« « 01 05 ( 01 CO |©9 .09 


IO 

CO 


"cc || |S |S |oi 

CO CO CO t t 


H 
H 


„ 3C it- t CC X IQ 01 t t- cr. 0> t CC i- X Oi cc X 

00 o: n oi co t 'cr i- x cr. cr 01 co t io cc x cr. cr 

H rirtrin^ tH rH tH 53 ^t -jj ci 01 01 01 « 109 


© ioi 't 1© ix 

71 CO t »fi CC 
CO ICO JO CO CO 


. it t ic ia io >c lo ic -cc cc i- ;- ;- cc i-. i- cr ic h io p io io 
t> x cr. cr — oi co t ic cc t- x cr. c — oi co >r. cc !i- !x -^r. e — 

,H j 1 |n |r i ri ri rt r( ,t-i n ( i— i n ( 01 .OI 01 ,01 01 ( 01 0! 01 ,01 CO CO 


Pi 


., :i r o i n uc it 109 iw i" cr co ; .- m o> ise t 'oi i-h io: ix \i- ice 

» ;- |S |S » |S p |S « p |S |g |S |& jSS |5 |SS S |3 |S ol |1 ol |S 


b 

H 




ie|Spj£|3Sp 


t- ic ioi © i- io 01 cr ;- ic 01 © i- uc ioi 

© '© rH IOI 01 CO t iC »0 - {- X X OB I© 


TH IS R 

01 01 01 


rrrrrrrrrrrri r 


, cr -x ioi x it cr co 01 x it in cc 01 x ■ t t- x t ico ico ioi ico it 

shr>hhhhhhl s l s Fi*{ 8 i 3 l s Pl s l s l s FFR 


„ oi i- oi i- oi i- oi i- oi i- co |t- oi ;- oi x t ~. — — 

MWtio io co co :i- t- ix co ir- 06 cr cr i- t- oi oi co so 
1-1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 i 1 "* i 1 " 1 1 1-1 ,'~ , i , ~' I th I 1-1 H 


S|S|2 


«., co t- th in oi ico 'i- io t x co i- t- in ,-^. 'oo ao cm 


co — 


2|S|S 


_. It t- O iCC ICO OV ,01 UC X th t t- O CO CC cr. Ol 10 

i 0) oi co co co co :t ; t t iic m iio cc cc co cc t- i- 
II 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 


X rH 1 1 t- | © 

i- co co ix \c. 




^ cr. — i t CC X © 01 — i- OS 10* It ICO It- ICC 01 cc X © 01 t CC X 
— — C! 0! 01 71 P9 CO 09 09 CO ,t t t ,t t i-O .0 iC © CC © ,© © 

II 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 II II 




•0 i- © © 01 CO 'iC ,i- © t- CO t CC i- 'CC t- -r 10 ■- X © iffl ,t 

— r-i r- th oi oi i oi , oi oi oi co co co co co co t ; t 1 1 t it 25 io uo 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 II 1 1 f 1 1 




7! CO iC CC i- X C. © 01 CO Ifi © X ■ © 0! CO t »C © li- X ~. — 

x - _ ^ rfr f |8 otp|5l|5l|oij8 i « rj 09p|05 r) 09|0 5r 




„ * «,= S th ^ th th S Ih t- S ?1 Ol 1?^ ?5 '? Ol 01 71 IS 3 S 

1 ' 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | 1 | | 1 | 1 II 1 




t It ;«C llC ,© 

x * 1 ! 


- i- i- 00 © © th 71 CO t O © t- 100 IOS 


R S3 SI 




i i ! i rrrrrrr r 






S |cd |ss !o Jr-t )<n :: - lie b 'i- 'x cr. ic |h ci Ico 1^ 

o HHHH-HWr. - h :i:i;i:im 


m ce r- » la Ic 
N oi -> ; oi ,oi |m 



LOG MEASUREMENT 



"S ]oo [o5 io |h cm jco M |w Ico |i> loo ;oj jo Iih |n ico '■«* io 

£J | | jr-l |H iH jr-l jiH |iH |H |r-t |H jH j<M jCM ,01 |CM |CM jCN 



co |t> 

1(N 



itj< [in ;co i- x 



iin ico t- 

IC3 l-i — I \<2t IP3 it m |co t- 



niSlS 

TJ< * s» 



CM CO 



5. 5. 



i^'Si*! ?t S 



t" CO |&5 



iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiil 



1 00 [CM It- [CO 



© ,<CO CO CO .CO [CO O t-l' 

co no in .Tf t N 1 t co ic 
i-i |cm co -* in co 1 1- :oo c 



l£l§ 

IS3lggl§ 



T 1 It- qd jco [O ;t-j th o? co -r 


cc cr. th ,-c 'co X' io 
co in jt t co « cm 
m co t- .x co o h 

TH TH ItH ;tH ItH 1 CM ICM 


S| 

^1 




i 


1 


_,. I-i— I |C0 It- I-* |<tt CO t- t OJ 
^ IC B !l> CO O CO 0} T-i ~ 
Tjf jl- jt- |GO j© JO |tH |« CO |.T 


IO X iCO l>* ItH ICO ICO ItJ* 1 
CO t- CO' Im CO ©j, L_, 
T 10 CO i- X 'O ,C 'H 

ItH th tH ItH !h ItH |iyj !fjt | | 








„ It- itH [in CO ItH T t- O T 

3jS;S|g|3l§|;5|8jg 


t- © iin io [co ,co co .cm [in 
h o .co t- m 'co Th io oo 
t m »n co t- oo co © © 


X | 

s 

CM 1 








<N |S IS IS IS jS Sig^lS 

Tf l» l- t- QD CO |0 |t-i ItH CM 


1345 
1425 
1504 
1584 
1663 
1742 
1826 
1900 
1979 


X 


III 






T 1* 


ct ico t © 'm H it- [co 
x m .co h x cc 'co t-h 

CO It- !QD j© OS © tH CM 


[CO llO ItH IX [CO CT0 [H/ C |in ItH 

x co -+ ith ice co t cm co U- 
cm ;co ,-t ; m m cc it- ix ;x © 


CO 

8 


-> 

01 
0> 


CC 

cc 

0? 




o |g!S?|¥lio^ iE2 |^ i2 IS5 'S 

T |io|co|t- jt- jQO JCO © © th 


cm in t- o [0? m t- io o? uo it- io io; uo 

CO c •-- »- -- - CO - - x j.- CO © t- 

,s s :S3 i3 is its !* «> .°s is Is Is Is Is 


c» 1^ 1SS f& lig 1^ SIS-IS IS 

Co »o «o |co jt- 00 30 CO ,o © 


t- co : in I - * it- ii-. |-r x ,co im ico icm Ith Ith 

co co o • - ico © i- t h x m o> r. ico 
th <n co co ,-r in m co. t- k- x c: co o 



x co ,cc co dz cr> i- cm !.- -:> ;.- c> 

" jS^ifelilsjsli, 



CO >0 >C5 CO t- t 



0J CC 10 -M X ht 

cm cm [co kf. ;^t im cc cc k- 



O [CM [CM I'* 

{§ is te E2 



, _ i ■* i in [co 1 1- 
ico o co m 

00 jO |C5 JO p th JCM r . 



th \C1 IX I-* 



.0 CI C; • - i0 7/ ~ ~ J". C! 
t- CO ?. TfOS N tr CO- g> 

io -o co i- ,x x cc :Ci o o 



iS ig its 

;H OJ CM 



lljglg« 



CM jl- CO X' 



Is Is 

ill 



co ■ '" 



ico ico |-m |in 



■<* h* m m cc ! co 



CO C35 
|t- t- CO 



X ItH Irf 

S,o7S 



O Ith Th CM 



IS |S t ., 

CI CC CO Tf 



'5 



S S II II 



jt- [co i m iHt< 



Ol ItH O CC : X i- CO IO -H ICO |CC 
00 CO X 0! il- 0> t- OJ i- CM t- 



c6 ix o ;oj © ;o Th 



CI CO 

CO |co 



io in< io3 1- 

!h im co - 
h* h* hf i 



c^^lol 
CO ko fr. 



P 'CO CM 

l& jS jg 



V. CO X iO c» 



~ i'o cc '-r x co t- o5 cc V 

ICO O. CC O O th th i cm o> c 



, 'CC [Oi llQ t- ICO Ith 

•h eo x cm ice o !io 



i ! § = 



[O ICM l-t |«o [X ICO 



o> -t CO '© lO 

S h S ig ol 



CO kf kt< in 



ste 



O 'CC ,C0 
CO « CO 

i- ce x 



S5 IS5 !sg 






35 18 

01 CO 



0? CC CO 

^i '-2 ~ 
im .in in 



;H iCM |X 
co co it- 



-H 'CM ItH 

i & s 



ICO !CO O '<- I"* ItH 

CO [CO it- O h* :op 

00 CO |C0 I© © © 



ICM It- ICM It- [CM it- 
go th |m cc o> " 



>~. ~ ~> CO CC 



-;• ^ 



S |00 |o |o |r-l |<M Ico k ! iC |X) |t> |X b 



3 13 $1313 S|S|S 

X X X ,© '© CO © © 



lO H CM 
^CM CM CM 



KOG M I.AM i; KM F.NT 



Synopsis of Doyle's Log Rules- 



DIAMETER OF 



12 

14 

~io~ 


10 

27 


37 ' 48 61 


14 

lb 


IS 

91 
100 
121 
130 
151 
160 
181 
196 
212 
226 


Hi 

108 
126 
144 


11 

126 

144 
169 


18 
147 


32 
36 
41 
40 

54 
59 
63 
G8 


43 56 71 
49 G4 81 
55 72 91 
6L 80i 101 
07 88, 111 
74| 90 122 
801 104_132 
30i 112 142 
VI 120 152 


88 
100 
112 
125 
137 
150 
103 
175 
188 


171 

196 


18 


162 


190 
211 


220 


20 

22 
2* 

2 a 

28 
30 


180 


244 


198 
216 
234 


232 
254 
274 
296 
316 


269 
294 
318 


252 

270 


342 

368 



3 30 I 

















DIAMET 


1Z-R OF 


b 

w 


~12~' 


29 
"469 


30 
~5~U7 


547 


588 


33 

631 


675 


.7.7 


36 

"768 


37 38 


721 


8171 867 


h 


14 
16 


547 
625 


591 


638 
729 
820 
_912 
1004 
1094 
1184 
1276 
1306 


686 

784 

882 

980 

1078 

1176 

1274 

1372 

1 4 70 


736 


787 


841 
961 


896 
1024 
1152 
1280 


9531011 


H 


676 


842 
946 
1052 
1156 
1262 
1368 
1472 
1578 


900 


10891156 


18 
20 

22 
24 
20 

30 


703 


761 


1012 


1081 
1202 
1 322 
1442 
1562 
1682 
1802 


1225 1300 


K 


782 

860 

938 

1016 

1094 

1172 


845 
930 
1014 
1098 
1182 
1266 


1125 
1238 
1350 
1462 
1574 
1688 


1361 1446 


h 


1408 


1 




1536 




1664 




1792 
1920 






LOCI MEASUREMENT-. 



Synopsis of Doyle's L 



og 



,ULE- 



TjOG- I2ST INCHES. 














19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


20 


27 


28 




~169 
197 
225 


^192 
224 
256 


-217 
253 


243 


"271 


300 


"337 


363 


~397 


432 


~T2~ 


283 


313 
359 


350 
400 
450 


386 


433 


463 


504 


14 I 


289 


324 


441 


484 


530 


576 


16 


253 


288 


325 


364 


406 


496 


544 


596 


618 


18 


280 


320 


361 


404 


452 


500 


550 


605 


661 


7201 20 


309 


352 


397 


445 


496 


550 


605 


665 


726 


792 22 
864 24 


338 


384 


433 


486 


541 


600 


662 


726 


794 


366 


416 


470 


526 


586 


650 


716 


786 


860 


936| 26 


394 
422 


448 


506 


566 


626 


700 


772 


866 
906 


926 

9J2 


1008 28 


480 


542 


606 


672 


750 


826 


1080 


30 



LOG- I3sT INCHES. 



39 

~9To 

1070 


40 

"972 
1134 


41 


42 


43 


44 


45 

1261 
1471 
1681 
1891 




46 

1323 
1544 
1764 
1985 


47 


48 


12 
14 


1027,1083 
1198 1264 
13691444 
1541H625 
17121805 


1141 
1331 
1521 


1200 
1400 
1600 


1387 


1452 


1618 
1849 


1694 


1225 
1379 


1296 


1936 


1458 


1711 


1800 


2080 


2178 18 
! 20 


1530 

rz 


1620 




Z~ 


















1 

1 

i 


22 
24 
26 
28 
30 



254 



,00 MEASUREMENTS. 





1* «|«|*|§ ? > W 




ih - p p pt «t «t 








. 1 -i 1 © ! oo | © | th w - 




8% ^"#«O«DKDt>00 




? 1S 


05 


© 


ci o;aoie 




CO 


© 


CD i OI 1 X ' «!0 




5* 


|C0 


^ 


»n 


ift 1 © 1 © , I- 




!«# rH 


© 1© ico 


r-t 


X 


J3 - O 


1.0 r- |> 


po 


a: 


»t CO 


* 


"^ iiC liO 


© 


© 




^ CO 


CO 


-tf 1 ^ 


O 


CC 


Ill 


> o m 


© m 


© «0 


r. 


H 


8t , CO j w 


^j^ 


•OjiTj 


X 


H 


CO | 3 1 t> 1 •«* 1 o , X 1 © 


£5 ,00 CO t- (M O i r-( CO 





e( p w nww.o c 


^l-MlTf © ■ X i © 1 i- 
?> <- © CO : t- ' rH ' © © 


H 


<?* s (N 01 00 i CO , tJ< , t* \lZ 


fe 


II 1 1 1 1 1 1 


_ I CO | CO i <* ! (M | © | X | CC 


hi 


J 01 CO ! © T* CO ' - ! lfC 


(!) 




*lH e, rl»rrr 


© f 2 


w 


© 1 m 1 © 


.r, 


r 


<* 


X 1 -h lO 


Wl 


-i 


-J 


*\r 


CI 


"hi" 








a 


© 


© 


© 


c 


O 


c 





CO 


1—. 


-1 


r^ 


CO 


DC 




M 


ri 


ci 


oi 


OI 


CC 


CO 


:~ 


A 




t- 


CO 1© 


t> j CO 


— 


7 


-< !«* 


co ! a oi 


1-1 


01 IN 


N h M i 




, 1 05 


01 


lO 


X "01 >~. X 


l» CO 


CO' 


X 


©ICO -0 t> 


Ml rH 


H 


H 


■■rnH 




05 


05 


© ;x 


no 


a 


Of 


H 

n 


C 




CO 


iO t> 


0! 


— ■ 


CO 


-i 


r 


^ 


riH 


r " 1 


01 


H 


,, I- JOIN 


© 1 X © — 


M 


^ o :i w 


© i> 05 ; h 




1"1 ri ri H 


H H HIN 




'ico |©|^ 


05 ICO |O|0l! 




** ,x © -< 


CM ! -f in t> 




*"1 1-1 |H 


rt hHH 




.. ( 100 


iO t- 


05 1 OI I "* 1 © | 




X 


05 


© N CO Ufl 




^1 






"l"! 1 " 1 !^! 




, - 


© 


05 


X 


Of) 


X IX 




*> o 


© 


r^ 


X 


05 


OHJ 




*1 
















** !< * 


« 


*|© '?>U 






M 1M 


m m I a> i s* 1 9* 



■jLiH: Hi-oxa^ 





|«t 1^ 1© 1 ao 1© |*( 


*| 




Im m m MM 9i \i\ 


? \ 




_ 1 1© I in 1 © 1 «n 1 © 1 


i 




^** :lH |© X © LO 






r* Mih ci N# © co 






1 rH 1 rH 1 ri 1 i— i 1 i— I | 






A. '» 


01 j© 


-h im I 








-f 


OI 1 © 


» h* 






T 


© 


OI CO 


m t> 


1 






H 


r-t \ •-> 




1 




. i:t> io ice ii-h |© 1 






** ' D \l- H* M t> 






HijO H n U5KS 






| H.nlH'Hlf 






f 


_ 1 1^ 1 CO 1 (N 1 rH 1 © 




CO 


M |.<0 -H t>!C0 05 




^ 35 H Ol Tf IO 




1 •— 1 1 i— t i r-t 1 >-i 1 




H 


© 


s 


CO ; tJ< 1 tji 1 i0 1 

m © m © 







M- 


05 


© oi co m 






1 


— i rH 1 ri 1 ri 




-||©|©|©|©|©| 




05 1 rj( X 01 © © 




H 


*5 ' GO 05 rH (M hf 




& 


1 1 1 rH 1 i-H 1 rH 1 




. L'rH I-* IX Iri 1.0 


1 


H 


^ © CO © © :co 




?: X , © © 01 , CO 




6 


i 1 1 1 rH 1 rH i i— i 1 


1 


1 01 IrH 


05 j X I t- ' 




1 ) 


^1 |>|© 


oi in go ' 




rl 


«0 t>,05 


O n «: 




1 1 










N 


L- ICC 


in 


CM IX 


© 


h 

o 


(fi 


© 


© CM 


X 


m © 


CT 


?0 


© 


CO © 


o 


rH 01 


CO 




i 


1 


H 


r-t IrH 


r— 




^ ■;•> 


© 


CO 


iC 


m 


-* 


rt* 


»0 O 


CO 


h- 


an 


05 


o 




05 © 


t> 


X 


© 


C 


01 


:o 


II 








f—( 


ri 


r ~ 


i 


_ CO 


©1© 


o 


©1© 


M- O 


© © 


o 


© 1© 


c 


«c, © 


ox 


© 


© rH 




II 


1 




r-l 1 r-t 


r- 




on 


© T* 


01 ©|X 


CC 


«0 


rr 


X 


rr 


X X t> 


h- 


CO 


LO 


x> 


t* 


X 05 © 


r- 


H 

P 




1 






1 l-H 


1— 


« 1 15« 1 "* 


CO 


X 


©,01 


-t 


9> IO Un 


M 


01 


01 i-l 


C 




co m © 


l~ 


X 


© © 


r- 




1 1 I 




1 r-i 


i— 




1 '01 I OI j © 


© 


X 1© 


10 




»s ' CO 1 01 rH 


05 


a t> 


CC 




r* m © t> 


1- 


x © 


c 




_ icoiin|i>|05irHj^ 


•- 




© 05 t> m co oi co 


1 




*i -rjf m © t> x | © 


© 




^ N«> 


CC 1 © j m 1 n X 


-r 






CO © X CO CO 






Hr* 


m © © 1 1- x 


r. 




. . 1 CO 1 © 1 OI 1 --J* i X 1 © 


CC 




* co © !x o ! n © 


1- 




li N m ,io |©,t>lx 


X 




|J9t U i© he © 1st 1 


M> 




IrrrrhW 


CJ 



oLlH: naL-DjsiiaiTi; 



S II IN G L E MAXUFAC T UK E . 



SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. 



The manuiacture of shingles is practically (he same in 
all sections of the country, and comprises the two 
classes of breasted, usually spoken of as shaved, and 
sawed shingles. 

Breasted or shaved shingles are, in white pine, usually 
18 inches in length, the standard thickness being five 
shingles to 2^2 inches in thickness at the butt, and 1-16 
inch at the point. Sometimes, though of late but sel- 
dom, they are made a full half inch thick at the butt. In 
some markets, notably as we go south, we find some 
white pine shingles 24 inches long, with butts of % and 
points of Vs inch. The cypress and cedar shingles of 
Virginia and further south are largely of 20, 24 and 30 
inches length by ^-inch butt . 

A breasted shingle should be of full length, with square 
ends, even thickness of butt, and uniform points, with 
no clips at the point. The dressing or breasting should 
be perfectly smooth, as though planed, and free from 
ridges or grooves. Nothing less than a standard shingle 
4 inches wide should be packed in the bunch, although 
an occasional 3-inch is not criticised. The edges should 
be perfectly square, unless, as practiced by some first- 
class makers, they are uniformly beveled so that one 
edge will fit the next with a partial overla}-. 

Breasted shingles are usually packed in bunches of 500, 
or two bunches to the thousand, the bunches being 
packed 24 inches wide (six shingles) by 42 courses at 
each end. Cypress and other extra length shingles are 
packed in round bunches of 100 shingles each. Clipped 
and imperfectly breasted shingles are classed as No. 2, or 
Common. Shaved shingles of less than 7-1 6 butt must 
be uniform and nice to be admitted to the brand of No. 
1, or Extra. 

Sawed shingles are manufactured at different points, 
of different sizes. Michigan produces for the eastern and 
southern trade nothing but 18-inch -shingles, while the 
Chicago and western trade demands only 16-irich 
shingles. Some markets use 14-inch and even 12-iuch 
lengths. 



2-56 SHIXGLE MANUFACTURE. 

The best sawed shingles are made from split quartered 
white pine, although the practice of quartering with a 
saw is an extended one. In the hands of an inexperienced 
sawyer a sawed block will often be made to turn out 
bastard shingles, which are objectionable and, in fact, 
worthless upon a roof. Shingles should always be sawed 
with, and not across, the grain. The inspection of 
shingles of all lengths is the same. Eighteen-inch are al- 
ways sawed 5 to 2*4 inches at the butt, 1-16 points, ex- 
cept on special orders for cuts of 5 to 2 inches. Sixteen- 
inch shingles are cut 5 to 2 inches at the butt, with 1-16- 
inch points. 

There are so many designations given to shingles by 
various manufacturers that it would be impolitic to 
give anything but standard classifications. Strictly 
first-class shingles are always entitled to a brand of 
XXX, and in bunches so marked should be found only 
shingles of full length, full thickness and uniform points, 
free from all rot, shake, sap, knots, worm-holes, bas- 
tards or defects of any nature. They should be packed 
in uniform bunches of 250 shingles, 4 inches wide always 
being a standard shingle. All shingles, the manufacturers 
of which have adopted fancy brands, such as "Star," 
"Extra," etc., should come up to the standard given for 
XXX. 

No shingle should be packed in a bunch of No. 2 shin- 
gles which is not free from all defects, sap included, to 
such extent that the shingle is perfect for at least 6 
inches from the butt, and the defects from that to the 
point must be of a character which will forbid the pas- 
sage of water through the shingles. These are by some 
makers branded "6-inch Clear," while a brand of "lo-inch 
Clear," or "12-inch Clear," denotes a shingle free from 
defects for the length indicated, measuring from the butt. 
As a rule, no shingles can be considered marketable 
which will not lay 5 inches to the weather in 18 inches, 
and 4 inches to the weather in 16 inches, without show- 
ing defects at the butt. Eighteen-inch XXX are usually 
laid 6 inches to the weather, and 16-inch XXX are laid 
from 4V2 to 5 inches to the weather. 

It is not uncommon, however, to pack the coarse shin- 
gles in bunches marked No. 2, where the brands of XXX 



SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. 



for the best, and X or XX for the clear butts, are 
adopted. In connection with the brand "A" largely in 
vogue in the west, "Choice A" is the equivalent o f XXX, 
andis better than "Standard A," only in some minor re- 
spects more fictitious than real, for anything which de- 
serves the name standard is supposed in shingles to 
mean the best, and custom of many years' standing has 
decreed that XXX shall always be a standard or 
choice shingle. 

''Shaded A" may represent a clear butt of 6, 10 or 12 
inches, but if*the grade is below XXX, be it so called, or 
be it known as choice or standard, it is a No. 2, and its 
value can be fixed only by knowing to what extent ihe 
manufacturer looked upon defects as admissible in pack- 

The main defects in shingles of any length may be 
summed up as follows: Bad sawing, the butts not run- 
ning of even thickness, and the points being clipped or 
feathered; bastard sawing, by which the grain of the 
timber runs across the shingles in circles instead of 
straight with the length; bad jointing, so that one end 
is wider than the other, or by leaving sap, no matter 
how slight, or any other defects upon a XXX shingle or 
its equivalent by any name; bad packing, leaving open 
spaces between the shingles; putting shingles that are 
defective in a bunch of XXX; allowing sap streaks, 
small knots, shake, rot, bad jointing, clips, or shingles 
sawed thinner or thicker than their mates, in a bunch 
along side with them; packing shingles narrower than 3 
inches, or a large number of that width in a bunch; mix- 
ing in hard, glassy timber, doty timber, worm-eaten or 
discolored shingles. No brand of shingles need hope to 
obtain a good reputation in any market where the sort- 
ing and packing has not been as carefully performed as 
it would be if the buyer stood by the packing frame and 
inspected each shingle separately. Manufacturers can- 
not too strongly impress upon their packers the fact that 
every shingle in a bunch must be, and is, by the brand, 
considered as warranted to be perfect in the grade in 
which it is packed, and nothing will so soon take a half 
dollar off the price of a lot of shingles as the finding of 
three or fourdefective pieces in a bunch. When a roof is 



258 SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. 



shingled, there should not be found a single disearded 
shingle among the debris, and when a manufacturer 
brands his shingles with any of the marks denoting the 
highest grade, it is understood by the brand that every 
shingle is perfect. 

A word to mill men on sawing. Never allow a wood 
butcher to handle a shingle saw; he will spoil more 
shingles and damage your reputation more than you 
can estimate. Discard your shingle saw and have it 
reground as soon as it wears to fourteen gage, unless 
you prefer to cut j r our timber into sawdust rather than 
shingles. The thinner saw you can use the more profit 
in timber. It paj r s to get first-class drag saw machinery 
and saw3 r ers, as well as first-class shingle sawyers — a 
poor hand is dear, even if he works for nothing and 
boai-ds himself. A jointer can make a difference of one- 
third the day's cut by putting the timber in the shaving 
heap, or by using judgment and trimming only so much 
as is needed, but always doing that. If you have more 
than two packers it will pay to keep an assorter to help 
and to watch them. 

Weights of shingles differ according to the character 
and specific gravity of the timber from which they are 
cut. In ordinary white pine a car load of 22,000 
pounds of green shingles will be about as follows: 

18- inch, Green 52,000 to 55,000 

18 " Dry 60,000 " 65,000 

16 " Green 60,000 " 65,000 

16 " Dry 70,000 " 75,000 

The above for an average. The writer has loaded 90,- 
000 18-inch shaved shingles, five butts to 2*4 inches, 
shingles one year old, seasoned undercover, on a 10-ton 
rate. One thousand shingles should lay one square, or a 
space of 10 feet by 10 feet. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 259 



MISCELLANEOUS INFOR- 
MATION. 



SEASONING AND SHRINKING OF TIMBER. 

Were the properties of timber investigated with the 
same care and research bestowed upon metals, it would 
be found that there is even a greater variation in them. 
A majority of the varieties of wood owe their commercial 
value to two particular characteristics: beauty of grain 
and susceptibility to polish. 

The strength of a piece of timber depends upon the 
part of the tree from which it is taken. Up to a certain 
age the heart of the tree is best; after that period it 
begins to fail gradually. The ash, beech, elm and fir are 
generally considered at their best when from 70 to 80 
years' growth, and the oak is seldom at its best in less 
than 100 years; much, however, depending on surround- 
ing circumstances. As a rule, trees should not be cut 
before arriving at maturity, because there is then too 
much sap-wood, which is the worst part, being softer 
and more liable to decay. 

The strength of man}' woods is nearly doubled by the 
process of seasoning; hence timber used in its green state 
is not only weak, but is exposed to continual change of 
bulk, form and stability. Wood will always warp 
after a fresh surface has been exposed, and will change 
its form by the presence of moisture. The effect of 
moisture on dry wood is to cause the tubular fibers to 
swell; hence if a board be wet upon one side, the fibers 
there will be distended, and it will bend. The natural 
law that governs the shrinkage or contraction of timber 
is most important to practical men, but is too often 
overlooked. The amount of the shrinkage of timber in 
length, when seasoning, is so inconsiderable that it may 
in practice be disregarded (except in the redwood of the 
Pacific slope, which is said to shrink only in length), but 
the shrinkage in transverse directions is much greater, 
and presents some peculiarities which can only be ex- 



260 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



plained by examining the structure of thewood as result- 
ing from its mode of growth. 

An examination of the end section of any exogenous 
tree, such as beech or oak, will show the general arrange- 
ment of its structure. It consists of a mass of longitud- 
inal fibrous tubes, arranged in irregular circles, which 
are bound together by means of radial plates or rays, 
which have been variously named; the}^ are the "silver 
grain" of the carpenter, or the "medullary ray's "of the 
botanist, and are in reality the same as the pith. The 
radial direction of these plates or rays and the longi- 
tudinal disposition of the woody fiber, must be consid- 
ered in order to understand the action of seasoning, for 
the lateral contraction or collapsing of the longitudinal 
fibrous or tubular part of the structure cannot take 
place without first tearing the medullary rays, hence the 
shrinking of the wooden bundles finds reliei by splitting 
the timber in radial lines from the center, parallel with 
the medullary rays, thereby enabling the tree to main- 
tain its full diameter. If the entire mass of tubular fiber 
composing the tree were to contract bodily, then the 
medullary rays would of necessity have to be crushed in 
the radial direction to enable it to take place, and the 
timber would thus be as much injured in proportion as 
would be the case in crushing the wood in a longitudinal 
direction. 

If an oak or beech tree is cut into four quarters by 
passing the saw twice through the center at right angles 
before the splitting and contracting has commenced, the 
lines forming the angle of each quarter will be of the 
same length and at right angles to each other, or, in 
technical language, square; but after storage in a dry 
place for a year, a great change will be found to have 
taken place, both in the form and in the dimensions of 
the pieces. The lines upon the two flat surfaces will still 
be of the same length as before, but the exterior diame- 
ter of the quarter circle will have contracted very con- 
siderably, and the two face lines will not be at right an- 
gles to each other by reason of the collapsing of the ver- 
tical fibers, while "the medullary rays will have been 
brought closer. 

Supposing the log to be sawed into five pieces of 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



261 



plank, let ns consider the action of the various pieces as 
shown in the diagram, Fig. 1. After seasoning and con- 
tracting, it will be found that the middle of the center 
plank still retains the original thickness, from the resist- 
ance of the medullary rays, while the thickness will be 
gradually reduced toward the edges for want of support, 
and the entire breadth of the plank will be the same as 
it was at first. If, then, we take the planks at each side 
of the center, by the same law their change and behavior 



riat 





will be quite different. They will still retain their origi- 
nal thickness in the center, but will be a little reduced on 
each edge throughout. But the side nevt to the heart of 
the tree will be pulled round or bent convex, while the 
outside will be the reverse, or hollow, and the plank will 
be considerably narrower throughout its entire length, 
more especially on the surface of the hollow side. Select- 
ing the next two planks, they will be found to have lost 
none of their thickness at the center, and very little of 
their thickness at the edges, but very much of their 
breadth, and will be curved round on the heart side and 
made hollow on the outside. Suppose some of these 
planks to be cut into square prisms when in the green 
state; the shape that these prisms will assume after a 
period of seasoning will entirely depend upon the part of 
the tree to which they belonged, the greatest alteration 
being perpendicular to the medullary rays. Then, if the 



MISCELLANEOUS lXKORMA' 



square was originally near the outside, as shown by the 
black border lines in Fig. 2, the effect will be a contrac- 
tion, as shown by the inside lines. Alter a year or two 
the square end of the prism will become rhomboidal. By 
understanding this natural law, it is comparatively easy 
to predict the future behavior of a board or plank by 
carefully examining the end wood, in order to ascertain 
the part of the log from which it has been cut, as shown 
by the angle of the ring growths and the medullary rays. 
If the stick of sawed timber be cut so as to leave the 
heart in or near the center, it will season square in form 




Fig, 2. 



Fig. 3. 



but the end will show a fracture of the medullary rays, 
commonly spoken of as season checking, as illustrated in 
Fig. 3. Here the contrast between the rhomboidal sea- 
soning of the sticks sawed from the outside diameter of 
a log, and that in which the heart is left, is made quite 
plain. All sawyers who have been puzzled with the 
warping of logs upon the mill carriage will in this sever- 
ance of the medullary rays find an explanation of the 
phenomenon, which is less marked in soft timber than in 
the closer grain of southern and norway pine, or of oak, 
beech and other hardwoods. 



QUARTER AND BASTARD SAWING. 

Quarter-sawing and rift-sawing are the same. To se- 
cure the minimum of shrinkage or warp, a board must 
be rift-sawed, which means cutting the medullary rays 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



.'Itt 



at right angles with the circles of growth. Quartered 
oak is simply rift-sawed, the designation "quartered" 
arising from the common method of first cutting the log 
into quarters, and then cutting the quarters as shown in 
Fig. 1 of the following diagrams. The lines a, b,c, dare 




those upon which the log is supposed to be quartered. 
The cii'cles represent the concentric rings of the tree's 
growth. The straight lines across the upper half of the 
log, B, show the ordinary method of slicing it up into 
boards with a circular or gang. Wherever the cut of the 
saw crosses the circles at right angles, or nearly so, that 
much of the board is rift-sawed; when it runs nearly 
parallel with them it exposes the grain, and is what is 
rather inelegantly termed bastard. The board nearest 
the middle, gg, will be almost a perfectly rift-cut piece, 
while the fourth one from it toward the outside will be 
just about half rift and half bastard. Supposing the 
lower quarter, A, to be cut out from the log, the common 
and most simple method of quarter-sawing it is to make 
the cuts, as shown by the straight lines which cross the 
concentric rings at sufficiently near right angles for 
making good flooring. Each piece, however, will have a 
bevel edge as shown, which must, of course, be squared 
by the edger. Special arrangements of mill carriage and 
head blocks are in use for rift-sawing when great accu- 
racv is desired. 



264 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



The method of" bastard-sawing is illustrated in Fig. 2. 
It simply consists of so turning the log upon the carriage 
as to expose the grain as much as possible. The dia- 
gram only shows cuts that would make an ordinary 
cant of the piece, but the judgment of the sawyer must 
be exercised to so turn the log as will make its form 
square, octagon or hectagon, as may be best to expose 
instead of cut across the grain, and allow its curve to 
show in the center of the board. Both of these methods 
of sawing, as will be seen, are wasteful to the timber, a 
matter that cannot be well avoided. Judicious bastard- 
sawing in certain kinds of wood, such as oak or ash, 




Fig. 3. Bastard Sawed. 




Fig. 4. Rift Sawed. 

develops some very beautiiul grain effects, and for orna- 
mental finishing purposes enhances the value of the 
wood to as great or even a greater degree than by rift- 
sawing it, as the latter is mainly required where the 
stuff is to withstand continuous wear, as in the case oi 
flooring, or is to fill a place where it must neither shrink 
nor warp, as in the case of sounding or reed boards in 
musical instruments. The appearance of pieces of lum- 
ber cut rift and bastard may be seen in Figs. 3 and 4. 
If laid in a floor Fig. 3 will wear rapidly and unevenly, 
and always have a tendency to sliver, while Fig. 4, having 
the ends of the grain exposed to receive the wear, will 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



?65 



greatly outlast it, wear more evenly arid present a much 
better appearance. On the other hand, as the panel to 
a desk or other piece of furniture, Fig. 3 would be much 
more handsome than the other. 

The methods of quarter-sawing, adopted and chnm- 




Fig. 5. 



pioned by experienced sawyers, are numerous, but the 
following are some of the most approved plans. It 
should be remembered that the variety of timber and 
also the purpose for which the product is to be used de- 
termines what is and what is not practical and practic- 
able quarter-sawing. In oak and similar woods, where 



1'lifi 



MISCELLA \ EOUS IN I- 1 )R MA TION. 



it is desired to show as much as possible the typical 
figure produced by quarter-sawing, the line of sawing 
should be almost directly between the heart and the out- 
side of the log. The same is necessary where the purpose 
is to avoid warping, as in material for wide panels, 
table tops, etc. The difficulty in this method of cutting 
is that almost every piece has a beveled edge and has to 
be run through an edger. The product is also of all 
widths. 

Where, however, mere resistance to wear is required, 
without regard to beauty of grain, and also where the 
piece is to be securely fastened in place, much less atten- 
tion need be paid to an exact rift-sawing. In flooring, 
for example, it is sufficient if the annual layers of growth 
be cut across at an angle of, say, 45 degrees, or even less. 
Thus the cant need be turned much less frequently on 
the carriage than when genuine quarter-sawing is re- 
quired. 

One of the most popular methods of rift-sawing in 
hard woods is as follows: Halve the log, put one-half 
back on the log deck, and place the other with the half- 




Fig. 6. 

round on the carriage and against the knees, with the 
sawed surface sloping down from the top of the knees to- 
ward the saw at an angle of 45 degrees. Cut off boards 
until the heart is reached, then turn down the side 
against the knees until the last surface cut is at an angle 
of 45 degrees, and cut as before. Turn down again in 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



167 



the same direction another eighth turn, and repeat. 
Thus each half of the log takes four positions. This 
method requires for its most convenient application an 
under dog, but good work is often done by the careful 
use of a wedge under the log. In this method the whole 
log is reduced to lumber which is all pretty close to the 
true rift-sawed, but the waste in edging is great. 

In the method illustrated by the diagrams, Figs. 5, 6 
and 7, the whole contents of the log are more nearly 
utilized. The larger diagram shows the preliminary^ 
work. The two smaller ones show how the different 
parts are to be treated. The different steps are as fol- 
lows: First, take off eight slabs, reducing the log to an 
octagon. Second, cut on the lines 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the 
order given, leaving a heart piece which may be 6x6, as 
shown in the first diagram, or 4x4. Third, cut the piece 

D, as shown. Fourth, 
cut the piece A, as shown 
in the second diagram. 
This piece, somewhat 
less than one-half the 
log, requires three turn- 
ings. Fifth, saw the 
parts B and C, which 
are alike in size and 
shape, as indicated by 
the lines in diagram, 
Fig. 7. Fig. 7. it will be ob- 

served that the wedge-shaped pieces may be converted 
into 2x4's, or larger. 

Too little attention has been paid to quarter-saw- 
ing yellow and norway pine flooring, but as an 
exact quartering is not necessary, the process is com- 
paratively simple and inexpensive. The Barney & Smith 
Manufacturing Company, of Dayton, Ohio, who also 
furnished the preceding plan, recommends the. method 
illustrated by the engraving, Fig. 8. First, square the 
log, 8-inch face heart. Then saw lines 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 
after which rip up the cants A and B together. This 
plan is particularly adapted to gang mills. All the lum- 
ber inside the circle indicating the heart-wood is near 
enough a true quarter-sawing for flooring. 




MISCELLANEOUS IN FORMATION . 



A modification of this design is shown in Fig. 9, the 
only difference being that a square piece is left inclosing 
the heart. 

Either of the method* outlined in Figs. 8 and 9 is, as 
stated above, especially adapted to mills using gangs. 




Fig. 8. 

If two gangs are in use, part of the saws can be taken 
out of one of them, leaving blades at the center and 
sides of the frame, to cut in Fig. 8 the numbered lines 
and those parallel to them. Then the cants A and B may 
be sent to the second gang to be ripped up together. In 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



2H9 



mills where there is no gang the two large cants pro- 
duced by either method ma}" be placed on the carriage, 
the one on top of the other, and sawed together, 




Fig. 9. 



2/0 STATE LAW'S. 



STATE LAWS 



Concerning I/Og I^iens, Personal Property I/iens, Inspect- 
ors and Measurers, River Driving, Boom Companies, 
I/Og Marks, Damage and larceny, Etc., Condensed 
from the Statutes and Arranged Alphabetically by 
States. 

ALABAMA. 

DAMAGE TO LOGS. 

3862. — Any person who, without authority of the owner, 
cuts loose and sets adrift any log or timber fastened to the 
bank of any navigable stream, or who runs or floats any log 
or timber of another into any creek, bayou, lagoon or lake, 
with the intention of concealing or appropriating the same, 
must, on conviction.be fined not less than $100 nor more than 
$200, and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sen- 
tenced to hard labor for the coimtv not more than one vear. 

SELLING FLOATIXG LOGS UNLAWFULLY. 

3863. — Any person who takes up any floating logs or timber 
which are branded or marked, and sells or disposesof the same 
without the consent of the owner or his agent, and without a 
compliance with the law touching the salvage of the property 
taken adrift, must, on conviction, be fined net less than $100 
nor more than $200, and may also be imprisoned in the 
county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county not more 
than one jear. 

3964. — Any person who conceals, destroys, injures, obliter- 
ates or defaces any mark upon, or sells or disposes of, or car- 
ries beyond the state, any property taken up adrift before the 
expiration of the time allowed for the owner to prove his 
propert}', must, on conviction, be fined not less than $100. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

3049. — Any blacksmith, wood workman or other mechanic 
who contributes his labor and material, or either, to the pro- 
duction, manufacture or repair of any vehicle, implement, ma- 
chine or article of any kind, shall have a lien thereon in the 
hands of a party for whom such vehicle, implement or article 
was made or repaired, or to whom sold, and in the hands of a 
purchaser, with notice of such lien, for the value of the labor 
and material, or either, contributed to the production, manu- 
facture or repair of the t-ame. 

Here follow details regarding attachments, notice, joinder 
of parties, etc. 

3053. — Proceedings for the inforcement of any lien created 
by the provisions of this chapter must be commenced within 
six months after the demand becomes due, and unless com- 
menced within that time, the lien is lost, 



STATE UWS. 271 



ARIZONA. 

FRAUDULENT USE OF LOG MARKS. 

Every person who cuts out, alters or defaces any mark made 
upon any log, lumber or wood, or puts a false mark thereon, 
with intention to prevent the owner from discovering its iden- 
ity, is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

DAMAGE TO LUMBER. 

Every parson who shall wilfully and maliciously burn, injure 
or destroy any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or other 
lumber, or any part thereof, or cut loose or set adrift any such 
raft or part thereof; or shall cut, break, injure, sink or set 
adrift any boat, canoe, skiff or other vessel or water craft, 
being the property of another, shall, on conviction tbereof, be 
punished by fine not exceeding $500, or imprisoned in the 
county jail not exceeding six months. 

INJURY TO DAMS, ETC, 

Every person who shall willfully and maliciously cut, break, 
injure or destroy any bridge, mill dam, canal, flume, aqueduct, 
reservoir or other structure erected to create hydraulic pow.r, 
or to conduct water for mining, manufacturing or agricultural 
purposes, or any embankment necessary to the same, or either 
of the ai, or shall wilfully and maliciously make or cause to be 
madeany aperture in such dam, canal, flume, reser voir embank- 
ment or structure, with intent to injure or destroy the same, 
shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not more than 
$1,000, or imprisonmtnt at hard labor in theterritorial prison 
not more than two years, or by such fine and imprisonment. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

Any mechanic or artisan -who shall make, alter or repair any 
article of personal property, at the request of the owner or legal 
possessor of such property, shall have a lien on such property 
so made, altered or rep aired, for his just and reasonable charges 
for his work done and materials furnished, and may hold and 
retain possession of the same until such just and reasonable 
charges shall be paid; an 1 if not paid within the space of two 
months after the work shall be done, such mechanic, artisan 
or laborer may proceed to sell property by him so made, al- 
tered or repaired, at public auction, giving 20 days' notice of 
such sale, by advertisements in some newspaper published in 
the county in which the work maybe done, or if there is no 
such newspaper, then by posting upnotice of such sale in tnree 
of the most public places in the town or township where such 
work was done, and the proceeds of such sale shall be applied, 
first, to the discharge of such lien and the costs and expenses 
of keeping and selling such property, and the remainder, if 
any, shall be paid over to the owner thereof. 

Nothing contained in this act shall be deemed to apply to or 
affect any lien hereinbefore acquired. 

MECHANICS' LIENS. 

All persons who may labor or furnish material in the con- 
struction or replacing of any building, superstructure or other 
improvement shall have a lien on the same, and on the lot of 
land whereon the same is situate and connected therewith. 

LOG LIEN. 

All persons who cut or cord wood, cut, saw or skid logs, cut, 
saw, hew or pile ties, at the request of the owner or his agent, 
shall have a lien thereon for the amount due him for the labor 
performed. 



272 STATE LAWS. 



ARKANSAS. 

DAMAGE TO LUMBER. 

166:3. — It any person shall wilfully and maliciously burn, in- 
jure or destroy any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or other 
lumber, or any part thereof; or cut loose or set adrift any 
such raft or part thereof; or shall cut loose, break, injure or sink 
or set adrift any canoe, skiff, boat or vessel, being the property 
of another, he shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
on conviction shall be punished as in cases of larceny. 

INJURY TO DAMS, ETC. 

1667. — Every person who shall wilfully and maliciously cut 
down, break, injure or destroy an3^ bridge or mill dam, or 
other dam, or levee, erected or constructed to create hydraulic 
power or to prevent the overflow of lands, or any embank- 
ment necessary to support such dam or levee; or shall make 
or cause to be made any aperture in such dam or embankment, 
with intent to destroy or injure the same, shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be fined in 
any sum. not exceeding $5,000. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF, TRESPASS AND INJURY TO PROPERTY. 

1658. — Every person who shall wilfully commit any tres- 
pass by cutting down or destroying any kind of wood or tim- 
ber standing or growing upon the lands of any other person, 
or carry away any kind of wood or timber that may have 
been cut down, and that may be lying on such land, or shall 
maliciously cut down, lop, girdle or otherwise injure any 
fruit, ornamental or shade tree, or maliciously sever from the 
freehold any produce thereof, or anything attached thereto, 
shall, upon conviction, be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and be fined in any sum not less than $50. 

As to repeal of this clause by implication, see sections 1659, 
1660-1662. 

1659. — Any person who shall, without lawiul authority, 
wilfully and knowingly enter upon any land belonging to this 
state, or lands belonging to any corporation or person, and 
shall cut down or destroy, or cause to be cut down or de- 
stroyed, any tree or trees standing thereon of the value of 
more than $10, or any person who shall induce, assist, aid or 
abet any other person so to do, shall be deemed guilty of 
a felony, and shall, upon conviction, be punished by imprison- 
ment at hard labor in the state penitentiary not more than 
two years. 

1(560. — Any person who shall take and carry away any 
trees or parts thereof, or any logs, timber, lumber, staves or 
shingles cut from such lands, with intent to convert the same 
to his own use or the use of his employer or principal, of the 
value of more than $10, shall be deemed guilt3' of felony, and 
shall be punished as provided in section 1659. 

1661.— If the owner of any saw mill, stave mill or shingle 
mill, or any person operating such mill, or if any person as 
agent of any person owning or opernti^g any such mill, «»r if 
anv person as officer or avrent of any corporation owning or 



27 3 
STATE LAWS. 



operating any such ^o'^^^SS? « S-SlaYe ^ny 
self, his -f^S^wtag^nXhave teen cut con- 
trees, logs or timber, Knowing u purpose of sawing 

mmmmm 

tofore existing. - 

INSPECTION OP TIMBER, LOG MARKS, RIVER DRIVING, ETC. • 
3849 -The commissioner of state lands shall be ex officio 
^5&K£ES£. is prohibited from ^"i^ jnyg 

EBESS35S3SEas»« 

^^-^sfaStitnber inspector may divide the state into 

IfHHGggn 

■mmm 

C^i,= of v,io office to be provided by him and kept tor tnat 

iT e ffiteno?Sed logs as would make them equal to 

^ot exceeding 36 feet, shall be scaled or measured as two logs, 
^n^n- such rise from the first to the second log as the same 
mayiSTuSorSmayscem proper in the opinion of the uv 
spector or his deputy. 



STATE LAWS. 



3858. — The Scribner rule Shall be the standard ride for scal- 
ing or measuring logs in the state, but other rules may be used 
at the request of the owner of logs; but in all such cases the 
bill of the inspector shall state by what rule the logs were 
scaled or measured. 

3859. — Any owner of logs or timbers in this state may use 
thereon any mark not before recorded and used by any other 
person, but shall leave mark with the inspector or his deputy, 
and the same shall be recorded in the office of the inspector, 
and the inspector's books shall be at all times open for the 
inspection of all persons. 

3860. — No person shall use any mark or any logs or timber 
until the same shall have been recorded by him as aforesaid; 
and no person shall use any mark previously recorded and 
used by another, and no person shall mark any prize log. 

3861. — All mortgages, liens, bill of sale or other written in- 
struments in any way affecting the ownership of any marked 
logs, which shall specify the marks placed iipon said "logs, and 
when they were cut, shall be recorded in the office of the state 
timber inspector. 

3862.-*-All prize logs shall be divided between the owners in 
each district in proportion to the number of logs owned bj r 
each person or company respectively in each district; and 
prize logs are hereby defined to mean such logs a» bear no 
mark or marks, and all logs bearing marks not recorded or 
claimed within one year alter any general drive. 

3863. — Any person with whose logs or timber, in any 
waters of this state, such prize logs or timber shall become so 
intermixed that the3 r cannot be conveniently separated for the 
purpose of being floated to the market or place of manufact- 
ure, may drive all such logs or timber with which his own 
may be intermixed toward such market or place, when no spe- 
cial or different provision is made by law for driving the same, 
and shall be entitled to reasonable compensation from the 
owner for driving such logs or timber, to be recovered after de- 
mand therefor on said owner or agent, if known; and he shall 
have a prior lien thereon until 30 daj's after they arrive at 
their place of destination, to enable him to attach the same; 
and if the owner thereof cannot be ascertained, the property 
shall be liable according to law, and enough disposed of to 
defray the expenses thereof. 

3864.— Every person rafting logs on any of the rivers of this 
state shall have the marks thereon on the upper side of every 
log when rafted, open to view and inspection to all persons in- 
terested, and every person violating this section shall forfeit 
$1 for each log the mark of which shall not be so exposed, 
one-half to the use of the person prosecuting therefor, one- 
fourth to the state, and the other fourth to the prosecuting 
attorney. 

3868. — Any person who shall knowingly cut down, destroy 
or carrj' away any tree, timber, lumber," staves or shingles 
made therefrom, and any person who shall aid or abet or as- 
sist any other person in so doing, and any person who shall 
purchase or receive any trees, timber, lumber, staves or shin- 
gles, knowing the same to have been cut contrary to the pro- 
visions of law, shall be jointly and severally liable to the 
owner in double the value thereof. 



STATE LAWS. 275 



44-25. — Laborers who perform work and labor for any per- 
son under a written or verbal contract, if unpaid for the same, 
shall have an absolute lien on the production of their labor for 
such work and labor. 

4439. — Proceedings under this act shall be commenced 
within eight months after the work is done: Provided, that 
the employer may bring the laborer to settlement before a 
proper officer any time after the labor is performed by giving 
the laborer or his agent 10 days' notice. 



CALIFORNIA. 

23S9. — The word "timber" is used in this article to designate 
all timber, whether in logs, boards, planks or beams, and 
whether in rafts or otherwise, but does not include the sort 
of wood commonly called driftwood. 

PRIVILEGES TO CONSTRUCT BOOMS. 

The board of supervisors of any of the counties of this state 
are hereby authorized and empowered to grant the privilege 
of constructing booms for the purpose of holding logs and 
timber to companies, corporations or individuals, and to pre- 
scribe the conditions on which the same shall be maintained, 
and the prices which may be charged for the use of the same, 

STRAY TIMBER. 

2390. — Whenever any lumber drifts upon any island in any 
of the waters of this state, or upon the bank of any such 
water, the owner of the lumber may remove it on payment or 
tendering to the owner or occupant of the land the amount of 
the damages which he has sustained by reason thereof, and 
which may accrue in its removal; and if the parties cannot 
agree as to the amount of such damages, either party may 
have the same appraised by two disinterested citizens of the 
county, who may hear proofs and determine the same at the 
exoense of the owner of the lumber. 

2391. — If the owner of such lumber does not, within three 
months from the time it was so drifted, take the same away, 
the owner or occupant of the land must deliver a bill of his 
charges and appraisement of damages, together with the lum- 
ber, to the sheriff of the county, and thereafter the sheriff must 
dispose of the same as is required by Article IV of this chapter 
with regard to wrecked perishable property. 

2392. — When sold, the proceeds of the lumber must be ap- 
plied, first, to the payment of the charges of the sale, and in 
liquidation of the expenses and damages awarded to the per- 
son entitled thereto; and the residue must be paid to the 
county treasurer, to be by him paid over to the owner, or his 
representatives, or assigns, on the production of satisfactory 
proof of ownership to the judge of the supreme court of the 
courty, and on his order thereof, made within one year after 
its receipt. 

2393. — The rejection of the judge of any claimant's right to 
such proceeds is conclusive, unless within jsix months there- 



276 STATE LAWS. 



after he commences action therefor. In case no claim is made 
or sustained to such proceeds, the same must, by the county 
treasurer, be placed in the common school fund of the county. 

IMPROVEMENT OF STREAMS, 

4085. — The board may provide for widening, deepening, 
straightening, removing obstructions from, and otherwise im- 
proving all streams within the county for use as public high- 
wavs for rafting and floating lumber, when such streams are 
not declared by law to be and are not in fact navigable for 
commercial purposes, and provide regulations for the use 
thereof, but no regulations of the board, nor improvements 
directed, may in any manner interfere with the private rights 
or privileges of riparian owners, miners or others. 

DEFACING MARKS UPON LOGS, LUMBER OR WOOD. 

356 —Every person who cuts out, alters or defaces any mark 
made upon any log, lumber or wood, or puts a false mark 
thereon with intent to prevent the owner from discovering its 
identity, is guilty of a misdemeanor, 

PL'RNING OR INJURING RAFTS. 

608. — Every person who wilfully and maliciously burns, in- 
jures or destroys any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or 
other lumber, or any part thereof, or cuts loose or sets adrift 
any such raft or part thereof, or cuts, breaks, injures, sinks or 
sets adrift any vessel, the property of another, is punishable 
by a fine not exceeding $500, or by imprisonment in the 
county jail not exceeding six months. 

MALICIOUS INJURY TO SAW LOGS, ETC., FELONY. 
1 . — Every person who maliciously drives into or places within 
any saw loy, shingle bolt or other wood, an}' iron, steel or 
other substance sufficiently hard to injure saws, knowing that 
the said saw log, shingle bolt, or other wood is intended by the 
owner thereof to be manufactured into any kind of lumber, is 
guilty of a felony, and shall be punished by imprisonment in 
the state prison not less than one nor more than five years. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

305 2. — Any person who makes, alters or repairs any article 
of personal property at the request of the owner or legal pos- 
sessor of the property, has a lieu on the same for his reasona- 
ble charges for work done and materials furnished, and may 
retain possession of the same until the charges are paid, if 
not paid within two months after the work is done, the person 
may proceed to sell the property at public auction by giving 
10 days' public notice of the sale. 



COLORADO. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

2120. — An_v mechanic or other person who shall make, alter, 
repair or bestow labor upon any article of personal property 



STATE LAWS. 



for the improvement thereof, at the request of the owner of 
such personal property, or of the materials from which the 
same is made, shall in like manner have a lien upon such arti- 
cles of personal property tor his reasonable charges for the la- 
bor performed and materials furnished and used in such mak- 
ing, alteration, repair or improvement. 



CONNECTICUT. 

DAMAGE. 

Every person who shall wilfully or maliciously burn or oth- 
erwise destroy or injure any bridge lock, dam or flume, or 
any pile or parcel of wood, boards, timber or lumber of an- 
other, shall be imprisoned not more than seven years, or fined 
not more than $500. 



DELAWARE. 

LUMBER INSPECTOR FOR TOWN OF LAUREL. 

Annually, at the March session of the levy court and court 
of appeals in and for Sussex county, there shall be appointed 
by said court an inspector of lumber in and for the town of 
Laurel, Little Creek Hundred, Sussex county, whose duty it 
shall be to measure and inspect the quality and quantity ot 
the lumber brought under his notice, and render his services 
whenever and only when called by one or more of the con- 
tracting parties in a purchase or sale of lumber. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 

5 _if any person shall wilfully and maliciously burn or set 
on fire any wheat or other grain, hay or straw, any boards, 
shingles or other lumber of another, he shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not exceeding $1,000, 
shall stand one hour in the pillory, shall be imprisoned not ex- 
ceeding one year, and, in case of the destruction of private 
property, shall restore and pay to the owner thereof two-fold 
the value thereof; and if a fire so set to such wheat, gram or 
other property, or to any building, ship or vessel shall 
spread; the person sc setting the same on fire shall be deemed 
guilty of burning or setting on fire every dwelling house 
ship/vessel, building or other property to which such fire shall 
exten d . 

THE DAK0TAS. 

BOOM LAW. 

It shall be lawful for any person having logs or lumber in 
any stream navigable for water crafts in this territory to 
boom such logs or lumber along the shore, and to f cure the 
boom by means of piles driven in the stream, or by chains 
ropes, timber or traverse poles made fast at points along tne 



278 STATE LAWS. 



shore; that there shall be at all times sufficient channel left 
clear for the free passage of any crafts or rafts usually navi- 
gating such streams. 

LARCENY 

Any person who shall wilfully and without authority take 
any saw logs that may be on any river, or on the land adjoin- 
ing, or near a river, which may be floated down said river or 
on to said land, and shall remove or attempt to remove the 
same, or who shall cut or split said logs or otherwise destroy 
or injure them, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Any person who shall purchase, receive or secrete saw logs 
so taken or removed, or who shall cut or otherwise injure logs 
so taken or removed, knowing them to have been so taken or 
removed, shall be punished as prescribed. 

DEFACING LOG MARKS. 

Every person who cuts out or defaces any mark made upon 
any log or lumber, whether said mark be recorded or not, or 
puts a false mark upon any log or lumber floating in any of 
the waters of this territory or lying upon land, is guilty of a 
misdemeanor. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 
Every person who, while lawfully in possession of an article 
of personal property, renders any service to the owner thereof 
bv labor or skill employed for the protection, improvement, 
safe keeping or carriage thereof, has a special lien thereon, de- 
pendent on possession, for the compensation, if any, which is 
due to him from the owner for such service. 



FLORIDA. 

INSPECTORS OF TIM HER AND LUMBER. 

1.— It shall be the dutvof the governor to appoint a sufficient 
number of timber and lumber inspectors in each county in the 
state, who shall hold office for four years, subject to removal 
by the governor for good cause shown. 

3. — When any person or persons shall desire the attendance 
and services of either or any of such inspectors of lumber, he 
or they shall give notice and inform all parties concerned and 
interested, of his intention of calling in such inspector, at least 
three davs previous to the time when he shall require said in- 
spector to inspect and measure the lumber in question; and it 
shall be the duty of the inspector, when summoned to attend 
at the place and the day to which he may be called, and faith - 
fully measure all lumber lie may be required to do, and any 
report and return he may make concerning thereof shall be 
received as the correct measurement of the same; provided, 
nevertheless, that the several parties interested may, at all 
times, be at liberty to establish the incorrectness of such re- 
turn and report, in any suit regularly commenced in any court 
of this state having jurisdiction of the same. 

5.— The said inspectors shall receive the following fees for 
their services, to wit: $2 for every 20 miles they may travel in 
going to and from this place at which they may be required to 



STATE LAWS, 279 



attend, and 12% cents for every thousand superficial feet of 
ranging lumber, and 25 cents for every hundred cubic feet of 
live oak or cedar lumber or timber, and 50 cents for every 
thousand staves they may inspect and count. 

STRAY LOGS AND LUMBER 

1. — When any person or persons shall find any raft or rafts 
of sawed, hewed or rounded lumber adrift in any of the bays, 
rivers, lakes, bayous, lagoons or creeks o* this state, it shall 
be the duty of such person or persons to secure such raft or 
rafts in the place or places where found, or in the nearest place 
of safety, and to proceed as soon as possible thereafter to ad- 
vertise the same at the door of the courthouse of the county 
where found, stating the kind and probable quantity of lum- 
ber, the place or places where found, and where deposited. 

2. — No person or persons other than the owner or owners, 
or other appointed agents, shall hereafter stay or take posses- 
sion of any such sawed lumber in rafts, hewed timber, round 
s? w mill logs or spars before the same shall have reached the 
mouths or outlets of such rivers, and have passed out into the 
open sea or bays where they empty their waters, under the 
penalties imposed by the fourth section of this chapter. 

3, — If, after the expiration of 60 days from the advertising 
thereof, no person or persons shall have claimed and estab- 
lished their right of property to said lumber to the satisfaction 
of the justice of the peace (to prove which right the persoa or 
persons claiming as the owner or owners of said lumber shall 
not be required to produce testimony upon oath to the iden- 
tity thereof, but such circumstantial proof as the nature of 
the case admits), then it shall and maybe lawful for such per- 
son or persons finding the same to take it to the nearest mar- 
ket and deliver it to some acting justice of the peace, whose 
duty it shall be forthwith to sell the same to the best advan- 
tage; to pay to the finder or finders all necessary and reasona- 
ble expenses; to reserve to himself 5 per cent as compensation 
for his services, and to place the balance in the hands of the 
clerk of the circuit court, whose receipt he shall take. But if, 
before the expiration of the 60 days, the owner or owners 
shall appear and establish their right to said lumber, such 
owner or owners shall pay all expenses and reasonable charges 
for securing the same, to be determined, in case of difference 
between the parties, by an arbitrator appointed by each; but 
if, after the expiration of another term of 60 days, no right 
shall have yet been established to same lumber, then the bal- 
ance to said money remaining in the hands of the clerk shall 
be paid over, one-half to the person or persons claiming in 
consideration of the finding thereof, and the other half to the 
county treasurer, to be applied in common with other funds to 
county purposes. 

5. — The restrictions herein contained shall not extend to 
lumber broken asunder from rafts and driven ashore on the 
coast. 

A public custodian of lost timber and lumber is appointed for 
all ports into which have come during the last five years not 
less than 50 vessels a year of not less than 200 tons burthen. 



280 STATE IAWS. 



It shall be his duty to furnish the master of each vessel loading 
from the water a suitable stamp, and the master shall stamp 
a!l timber and lumber immediately on its receipc alongside his 
vessel. The custodian shall search the harbor for lost logs and 
lumber, and when any are found he shall place them in a boom 
kept by him lor that purpose. He shall give notice by publica- 
tion in a newspaper published at said port that such logs or 
lumber will be sold if not called for in five days. -If not so called 
for he shall sell 1 he same, and if the proceeds are not claimed 
in 90 days they shall be forfeited and paid into the county 
treasury. The sale is to be at public auction. The stamp is 
prima facie evidence of the ownership of the logs in all courts 
of the statp. It shall be unlawful for any person except the 
owner or the public custodian to pick up stray logs in such 
harbor. 

LARCENY OF LOGS. 

Stealing logs or timber of less than $100 in value is punish- 
able by imprisonment not exceeding two years and by fine not 
exceeding $500. 

LOG MARKS, 

G. — All persons floating lumber or timber down the current 
of rivers, streams or water-courses in this state, may hereafter 
adopt a particular mark, brand or stamp, to be used and ap- 
plied on all such lumber or timber, to distinguish and desig- 
nate their ownership thereof, and such person or persons so 
adopting any certain mark, brand or stamp, shall make record 
of the same with the clerk of the circuit court within the dis- 
trict, describing it particularly, and its usual mode of applica- 
tion, and any person or persons who thereafter shall fraudu- 
lently use said mark, brand or stamp, or who may alter, deface 
or destroy the same, shall, upon proof thereof, be deemed to 
be guilty of larceny and punishable accordingly. 

BOOMS. 

7. — It shall be lawful for owners of lumber or timber floating 
down rivers or water-courses to make use of floating booms 
on such streams, for the purpose of securing such lumber or 
timber from loss; provided, always, that the said booms shall 
not be used in such manner as to cause any unnecessary delay 
to boats and vessels engaged in the navigation of such rivers 
or streams, nor to be permitted to remain stretched out upon 
or across such rivers or streams any longer than is absolutely 
necessary to secure their timber or lumber from loss. Any per- 
son or persons who shall maliciously turn loose or cut away 
such boom or booms, to the injury and loss of the owner or 
owners of timber or lumber contained or held by such boom or 
booms, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on proof thereof, 
shall be punished by a fine at the discretion of the court, and 
also be answerable in a suit for damages to the owner or 
owners thereof. 

LOG LIEN. 

Laborers and contractors contracting and engaging to cut, 
raft or sell logs or timber of any kind, to perform any labor in 
connection with the sale and delivery of any such logs or tim- 
ber, shall have a first lien upon such logs or timber or any lum- 



STATS LAWS. 281 



ber, boards, staves, lath or shingles manufactured therefrom, 
until the compensation for services shall be fudy paid and sat- 
isfied to the amount agreed upon by the contracting parties, 
unless a contrary stipulation be entered into at the time the 
contract is made or work done, wh>ch lien shall be enforced in 
like manner as the lien provided for builders, mechanics, ma- 
terial men, laborers, etc. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

Whenever any person shall entrust to any mechanic or 
laborer materials to construct, alter or repair any article of 
value, such mechanic or laborer, if the same be completed and 
not taken away, and the fair and reasonable charges not paid, 
may. three months from the time such charges became die, 
sell the same, and such sale shall be at public auction, for cost ; 
provi J ed, that before any such sale such mechanic or laborer 
shall give public notice of the time and place thereof. 



GEORGIA. 

PENALTY FOR DISPOSING OF DRIFTED TIMBER. 

No raftsman or other person shall dispose, or attempt to 
dispose, of any drifted timber or lumber taken uo by him within 
this state, on pa«n of paying not exceeding $5<)() for such 
offense, to be recovered in any court having jurisdiction of the 
same, on?-half of the penalty to go to the informer, and the 
other half to the use of the county wherein such offense may be 
committee!, or the offender may be imprisoned not more than 
six months; but nothing herein contained shall prevent the 
finder of drifted lumber or timber from requiring or receiving 
from the owner reasonable compensation for delivering to the 
owner such timber or lumber. 

The fee for receiving lumber shall not exceed P. cents per 
thousand feet, which fee shall be charged only at the time of 
receipt, and the fee for boomage shall not exceed 30 cents per 
day, for each raft. 

If any person detected in purchasing drifted lumber or tim- 
ber as aforesaid, except from factors or timber cutters, shall 
be liable, on conviction, to pay a fine of $50 for every 
offense, or to be imprisoned for a term of not exceeding six 
months 

ILLEGALLY MEASURING LUMBER. 

If any measurer or inspector of timber, appointed under the 
laws of this state, shall measure any timber otherwise than is 
required by the laws of this state, tie shall be guilty of a mis- 
demeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished for 
each offense (as prescribed in section 4310 of this Code); pro- 
vided, that this provision shall not apply to any case where 
the measurement is for the purpose of being used in the sale of 
the timber, or any case where the parties buying and selling 
contract to have the timber measured other than according to 
the laws of this state. 



282 STATE LAW'S. 



PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

All mechanics of every sort, for work clone and material fur- 
nished in manufacturing personal property, or for repairing 
personal property, shall have a special lien on the same, which 
must be asserted by retention of such property, and not other- 
wise. Said liens shall be lost by the surrender of such personal 
property to the debtor, and shall be superior to all liens but 
liens for taxes and such ether liens as the mechanics may have 
actual notice of before the work was done or material fur- 
nished. 



IDAHO TERRITORY. 



835. — No dam or boom must be hereafter constructed or 
permitted on any creek or river, unless said dam or boom has 
connected therewith a sluiceway, lock or fixture sufficient and 
so arranged as to permit timber to pass around, through or 
over said dam or boom without unreasonable delay or hin- 
drance. 

DAMAGE. 

6866. — Every person who cuts out, alters or defaces any 
mark made upon any log, lumber or wood, or puts a false 
mark thereon, with intent to prevent the owner from discover- 
ing its identity, is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

7163. — Every person who wilfully or malicious^- burns, in- 
jures or destroys any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or 
other lumber, or any part thereof, or cuts loose or sets adrift 
any such raft or part thereof, the property of another, is pun- 
ishable by fine not exceeding $300, or by imprisonment in the 
county jail not exceeding six months, or by both. 

STRAY LOGS. 

830. — The word "timber" is used in this chapter to designate 
all logs, boards, planks, lumber, railroad ties, poles, rails, cord- 
wood or beams, and whether in rafts or otherwise, but does 
not include the sort of wood commonly called driftwood. 

831. — Whenever any timber drifts upon any island in any of 
the waters of this territory, or upon the bank of any such 
waters, the owners of the timber may remove it on payment 
or tendering to the owner or occupant of the land the amount 
of the damages which he has sustained by reason thereof, and 
which may accrue in its removal ; and if the parties cannot 
agree as to the amount of such damages, either party may 
have the same appraised by two disinterested citizens of the 
county, who may hear proofs and determine the same at the 
expense of the owner of the timber. 

832. — If the owner of such timber does not, within three 
months from the time it was so drifted, take the same away, 
the owner or occupant of the land must deliver a bill of his 
charges and appraisement of damages, together with the tim- 
ber, to the sheriff of the county, and thereafter the sheriff must 
sell the same after three days' notice posted in three public 
places of the precinct. 



STATE LAWS. 283 



833. — "When sold, the proceeds of the timber must be ap- 
plied, first, to the payment of the charges of the sale and in 
liquidation of the expenses and damages awarded to the per- 
son entitled thereto; and the lesidue must be paid to the 
county treasurer, to be by him paid over to the owner, or his 
representative or assigns, on the production of satisfactory 
proof of ownership to the probate judge, and on his order 
therefor made within one year after its receipt. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

A person who makes, alters or repairs any article of personal 
property at the request of the owner, has a lien on the same 
for his reasonable charges for work done and materials fur- 
nished, and may retain possession of the same until the charges 
are paid. 

ILLINOIS. 

PENALTY FOR CUTTING TIMBER WITHOUT PERMISSION. 

Any person who shall cut, fell, box, bore or destroy or carry 
away any black walnut, black, white, yellow or red oak, 
white wood, poplar, wild cherry, blue ash, yellow or black 
locust, chestnut, coffee or sugar tree, or sapling, standing or 
growing: upon land belonging to any other person or persons, 
without having hrst obtained permission so to do from the 
owner or owners of such lands, shall forfe t and pay for such 
tree or sapling so cut, felled, boxed, bored or destroyed the 
sum of eight dollars. 

The p.nalty hereinabove provided shall be recoverable, with 
costs of suit, either by action of debt, in the name and for the 
use of the owner or owners of the land, or by action qui tarn, 
in the name of any person who will first sue for and recover 
the same; the one-half for the use of the person so suing-, and 
the other half for the use of the owner or owners of the land. 

Revised Statutes, Chap. 136. 



INDIANA. 



DAMAGE. 

1927. — Whoever wilfully and mal'ciously burns or attempts 
to burn any tanbark, tree, timber or lumber, the property s > 
burned being of the value of $20 or upwards, and being the 
property of another, or being insured against loss or damage 
by fire, and the burning, or the attempt to burn, being with 
intent to prejudice or defraud the insurer, is guilty of arson. 

PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

5304. — Whenever any person shall intrust to any mechanics 
or tradesman materials to construct, alter or repair any article 
of value, such mechanic or tradesman, if thesamebe completed 
and not taken away, and his fair and reasonable charges not 
paid, may, after six months from the time the charges become 
due, sell the same, or, if the same be susceptible of division 



284 STATE uws. 



without injury, he may sell so much thereof as is necessary to 
pay such ctiarges. 

5305. — Before such sale, such mechanx or tradesman shall 
give public notice of the time and place thereof. 



IOWA. 

WOOD OR LUMBER YARDS. 

911.— Cities organized under special charters are hereby au- 
thorized to prohibit, or regulate, the piling or depositing of 
any kind of wood, lumber or timber upon any lot or property 
within the city limits within a distance of 100 yards of any 
dwelling house. 

STRAY LOGS AND LUMBER. 

2345. — If any person shall hereafter stop or take up any 
raft of logs or part thereof or any logs suitable for making 
lumber, or hewn timber or sawed lumber, found adrift on any 
watercourse within the limits or upon the boundaries of this 
state, such person, within five days thereafter, provided the 
same shall not have been previously restored to the owner, 
shall go before some justice of the peace or notary public of 
the county, in which the same was taken up, and make affidavit 
in writing; setting forth an exact description of the articles 
found, and stating when and where the same were found, the 
number of logs or other pieces, and the marks and brands 
thereon, and that the same have not been altered or defaced 
since the taking up by liim or by any other person to his 
knowledge. 

INSPECTION LAW. 

324-5.— The board of supervisors of each county, as often as 
may be necessary, shall appoint one inspector of lumber and 
shingles, who shall have power to appoint one or more 
deputies to act under him. For the conduct of the deputies 
the principal shall be liable. 

3248. — The inspectors or their deputies, within their respect- 
ive counties, shall inspect all lumber, boards and shingles on 
application made to them for that purpose; and when in- 
spected, stamp on the lumber, boards and shingles, with 
branding irons made for that purpose, the name of the state 
and county where inspected, and the kind and quality of the 
articles inspected, which branding iron shall be made and let- 
tered as directed by the board of stipervisors. And every in- 
spector shall make, in a book for that purpose, fair and distinct 
entries of articles inspected by him or his deputies with the 
names of the persons for whom said articles were inspected. 

3250.— A lawful shingle shall be 16 inches in lenglh, 4 inches 
wide, V2 an inch thick at the butt end; and all lumber shall be 
divided into four qualities, and shall be designated dear, first 
common, second common and refusal. Shingles shall be clear 
of sap, and designated asfirst and second quality; the shingles 
to be branded on each bundle with the quality "and the name 
of the inspector. 



>TATE LAWS. 285 



PENALTY FOR MALICIOUS INTURY. 

If any person wilfully or maliciously burn or otherwise de- 
stroy or injure any pile or raft of wood, plank, board or other 
lumber, or any part thereof; or cuts loose or sets adrift any 
such raft, or part thereof, the property of another, he shall be 
punished by imprisonment not more than five yea~s in the 
penitentiary, or fine not exceeding $500, and imprisonment in 
the county jail not exceeding one year. 



KANSAS. 



PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 



Whenever any person shall intrust to any machanic, artisan 
or tradesman, materials to construct, alter or repair any art- 
icle of value, on any article of value to be altered or repaired, 
such mechanic, artisan or tradesman shall have a lien on such 
article, and if the same be completed and not taken away, and 
his fair and reasonable or stipulated charges be not paid, may, 
afttr three months from the time such charges become due, sell 
the same; or if the same be susceptible of division without in- 
jury, he may sell so much as is necessary to pay such charges, 
and the expenses of publication and sale. 



KENTUCKY. 

LARCENY, ETC. 

Any person who shall felonioitsly cut or saw down and carry 
away timber growing upon the lands of another, of the value 
of $20 or more, and without color of title in himself to the 
land upon which said timber was growing, or to said timber, 
shall be confined in the penitentiary for a period of one year. 

LOG MARKS. TRADE MARKS. 

1. — Any person, firm or corporation dealing in timber in 
any form shall be called and known as timber dealers, and as 
such may adopt a trade mark. 

3. — Every trademark so adopted shall, from the date thereof, 
be the exclusive trade mark of the ptrsons, firms or corpora- 
tions adopting the same. 

4. — The proprietor of said trade mark shall, in using the 
same, cause it to be plainly stamped, branded or otherwise im- 
pressed upon each piece of timber upon which the same is to be 
placed; and any person who shall intentionally and without 
lawful authority remove, deface or destroy said trade mark, 
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 

5. — If any person knowingly and unlawfully takes and carries 
away, secretes, destroys or converts to his own use any lum- 
ber upon which said trade mark is stamped, branded or im- 
pressed as aforesaid, shall be deemed guilty of larceny thereof, 
and punished as in other cases of larceny as now provided by 
law; and if any person shall intentionally put any such timber 



286 STATE LAWS. 



in such position or place so remyte from the stream from 
which it -\\ as taken or in which it was afloat, or to render it 
inconvenient or unnecessarily expensive to replace the same in 
such stream, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not 
less than $20. 

8. — If any person shall falsify or fraudulently place any 
trade mark on timber not his own, he shall be guilty of a mis- 
demeanor. 

LOG BRANDING ON KENTUCKY AND CUMBERLAND RIVERS AND 
TRIBUTARIES. 

1. — It shall be the duty of any person or persons owning or 
dealing in logs upon the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers and 
their tributaiies to have and to own an ax or branding iron 
for the purpose of branding their timbers. It shall be the 
duty of such person or persons to brand all of their timber 
or logs before starting the same to market. 

2. — It shall be the duty of siich person or persons dealing in 
logs to have their brands entered upon record in the county 
clerk's office in the county where they start their timber to 
market, if they reside in the state, also in the county where 
they reside. 

3.— Any person or persons that cut or deface an 3^ brand upon 
the timber or logs of another, upon the Kentucky or Cumber- 
land rivers and their tributaries, shall be deemed guilty of a 
felony, and upon indictment, trial and conviction in any court 
of this commonwealth, shall be, for each offense, confined in 
the penitentiary of this state not less than one or more than 
three years. 



MAINE. 



LIENS ON LOGS AND LUMBER. 

Whosoever labors at cutting, hauling, rafting or driving 
logs or lumber, or at cooking for persons engaged in such 
labor, has a lien thereon for the amount due for his personal 
services, and the services, performed by his team, which takes 
precedence of all other claims, except liens reserved to the 
state, continuous for 60 days after the logs or lumber arrive 
at the place of destination for sale or manufacture, and may 
be enforced by attachment. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF AND TRESPASSES. 

Whosoever wilfully or maliciously, without consent of the 
owner, cuts away, lets loose, injures or destroys any boom, 
raft of lops or other lumber, or any vessel, gondola, scow or 
other boat fastened to any place of which he is not the owner 
or legal possessor, shall be punished by fine notexceeding $500 
and imprisonment for less than one year; and also shall be 
liable to the person injured in an accident for trespass for 
double the damage by him sustained. 

LOG SURVEY. 

25.— Surveyors of logs may inspect, survey and measure all 



STATE LAWS. 287 



mill logs floated or brought to market or offered for sale in 
their town, and divide them into several classes, corresponding 
to the different qualivy of boards and other sawed lumber, 
which may be manufactured from them; and they shall give 
certificates under their hands of the quantity and quality 
thereof to the person at whose reque&t they are surveyed. 

LARCENY. 

Whosoever takes, carries away or otherwise converts to his 
own use, without the consent of the owner, any logs suitable 
to be sawed or cut into boards, clapboards, shingles, joists or 
other lumber, or any mast or spar, the property of another, 
whether the owner is known or unknown, lying in any river, 
pond, bay, stream or inlet, or on or near the bank or shore 
thereof, or cuts out, alters or destroys any marks madethereon, 
without the consent of the owner, and with intent to claim 
the same, forfeits for every such log, mast or spar $20, to be 
recovered on complaint ; half for the state and half for the 
complainant. 

RIVEK OBSTRUCTIONS. 

5. — If any boom on the Saco river, or on any other waters 
connected therewith, is so placed or constructed as to prevent 
the free and usual passage of timber down the river, the owner 
or occupant thereof, at his own expense, shall release and turn 
out timber so detained, when requested to do so by the owner 
thereof, if it can be done with safety; and if for two days after 
request he neglects or refuses to do so, he is liable to the owner 
of the timber in an action on the case, for all damages by him 
sustained. 

DRIVING. 

6. — Any person whose timber in any waters of the state is so 
intermixed with the logs, masts or spars of another, that it 
cannot be conveniently separated for the purpose of being 
floated to the market or place of manufacture, may drive all 
timber Jwith which his own is so intermixed towards such 
market or place when no special and different pro vision is made 
by law for driving it, and is entitled to a reasonable compensa- 
tion from the owner. 

FOREST FIRES. 

t Persons who build camp or cooking fires in or adjoining any 
woods, shall totally extinguish the same before leaving them. 
Failure to do so is a misdemeanor punishable by fine not ex- 
ceeding $100 or by imprisonment in the county jail not more 
than one month or both. Hunters are requested to use non- 
combustible wads. The selectmen of the different towns are 
made fire wardens. It is their duty to prevent or extinguish 
fires and report to the forest commissioner, who has general 
charge of the matter. 

Railroad companies are required to cut, burn off or remove 
from their right of way all inflammable material, and to pro- 
vide locomotives with appliances for preventing escape of 
sparks and fire. Railroad employes are forbidden to leave fire 
on the track near a wooded district. 



STATE LAWS. 



MARYLAND. 



DRIFT LOG LAW. 



12. — All persons claiming logs cast by wind and tide upon 
any shore bordering upon the Chesapeake and its tributaries, 
are prohibited from removing the same without the paj'ment 
to the owner of said shore of the sum of 25 cents for each log 
so removed. 

13. — The owner of any shore upon which logs are so cast 
may advertise such logs by one insertion each week for three 
successive weeks, in some newspaper published in the state of 
Maryland, of a public notice calling upon the owner of said 
logs to remove them, after the pa3^ment of 25 cents for each 
log so removed and the cost of said advertisement in addition 
thereto. 

14. — If the said logs are not rexnoved after such publication, 
the owner of any shore may sell such logs to the highest bid- 
der by giving notice of his intention so to do by an additional 
advertisement for three successive weeks, as aforesaid, men- 
tioning the time and place of sale. 

15. — Any owner of a shore so selling shall be responsible for 
the excess of such sale over the sum of 25 cents for each log 
sold and the cost of the advertisements and sale. 

16. — Nothing contained in the four preceding sections shall 
be construed to deny the owner of any shore a right to an ad- 
ditional compensation for special damages, such as the de- 
struction of fences, the lodging of logs upon cultivated fields, 
or other similar injuries. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

STRAY LOGS AND LUMBER 

1 . — When any log, mast, spar or other timber is carried by 
floods into lands adjoining any rivers, streams or ponds, the 
owner of such logs or other timber may at any time within 
six months remove the same from said land on paying or ten- 
dering to the owner or occupant thereof such reasonable dam- 
ages as maj r be caused by such removal; and if the owner of 
such logs or other timber does not take the same from such 
lands within said six months, or otherwise a.yree with the 
owner or occupant of such lands, then such logs and other 
timber shall be deemed the property of such owner or oc- 
cupant. 

DEFACING MARKS. 

2. — Whoever unlawfully cuts out, alters or destroys a mark 
of the owner made on aiwlog or other timber put into a river, 
stream or pond, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $10 for each 
log or other piece of timber the mark of which he so alters, 
cuts out or destroys, and shall be further liable in damages to 
the owner thereof for treble the value of the same, to be re- 
covered, together with said forfeiture, in an action of tort. 

3.— Whoever unlawfully ciits out, alters or destroys any 
marks of such logs or other timber, the owner whereof is not 



TATE LAWS. 289 



known, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $10 for every log or 
other piece of timber the mark whereof he so cuts out, niters 
or destroys, to be recovered to the use of any person siting for 
the same. 

RAFTING. 
5. — No person shall cause or permit to be driven or floated 
down the Connecticut river any masts, spars, logs or other 
timber, unless the same are formed and bound into rafts and 
placed under the care of a sufficient number of persons to gov- 
ern and manage the same so as to prevent damage thereby. 
If damage is done to a bridge or dam upon or over said river 
by any timbei so driven or floated in a*y manner not herein 
allowed, the owner of the timber and every person who causes 
or permits the same to be so driven or floated, shall be jointly 
and severally liable for all such damage, to be recovered by the 
party injured in an action of tort. 

THEFT. 

6. — "Whoever unlawfully takes, carries away or otherwise 
converts to his own use, without the consent of the owner, 
any logs suitable to be sawed or cut into boards, clapboards, 
shingles, joists or other timber, or any mast or spar, the prop- 
erty of another, lying or being in a river, pond, canal, lake, 
bajr, stream or inlet within this state, shall for every such log, 
mast or spar be punished by fine of not less than $5 nor more 
than $20, or by confinement in the house of correction or jail 
not less than 30 days nor more than six months. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 

2. — Whoever wihully and maliciotisly burns in the night 
time a * * * mill of another (being, with the property 
therein contained, of the value of $1,000), * * * or any 
other building by the burning whereof any building men- 
tioned in this section is burnt in the night time, shall be pun- 
ished by imprisonment in the state prison for life or for any 
term of years. 

3. — Whoever wilfully and maliciously burns in the daytime 
any building mentioned in the preceding section, the punish- 
ment for which, if burnt in the night time, might be imprison- 
ment in the state prison for life, shall be punished by imprison- 
ment in the state prison not exceeding 10 years. 

4. — Whoever wilfully and maliciously burns a * * * mill 
or building whatsoever of another other than is mentioned in 
section 2, or a bridge, lock, dam, flume, ship or vessel of an- 
other, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison 
not exceeding 10 years. 

5. — Whoever wilfully and maliciously burns or otherwise de- 
stroys or injures a pile or parcel of wood, boards, timber or 
other lumber * * * or any standing tree * * * of an- 
other, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison 
not exceeding five years, or by fine not exceeding $500 and im- 
prisonment in the jail not exceeding one year. 

FOREST FIRES. 
"Whoever wantonly and recklessly sets fire to any material 
which causes the destruction or injury of any growing or 



290 STATE LAWS. 



standing wood of anothet, shall be punished by fine not ex- 
ceeding $100, or by imprisonment in the jail not exceeding six 
months. 

Whoever wilfully or without reasonable care sets a fire upon 
the lands of another, by means whereof the property of an- 
other is injured, or negligently or wilfully suffers any fire upon 
his own land to extend beyond the limits thereof, by means 
whereof the woods or property of any other person are in- 
jured, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $250. 



MICHIGAN. 



LIEN FOR LABOR ON LOGS, TIMBER, POSTS, SHINGLES, ETC. 

1. — Any person or persons that perform any labor or services 
in cutting, skidding, felling, hauling, scaling, banking, driving, 
running, rafting or booming any logs, timber, cedar posts, 
telegraph poles, railroad ties, tan bark, shingle bolts or staves 
in this state, shall have a lien thereon for the amount due for 
such labor or services, and the same shall take precedence of 
all other claims or liens thereon. The word person or persons 
in this section shall be interpreted to include cooks, black- 
smiths, artisans and all others usuallj- employed in performing 
such labor and services. 

2. — No such debt, demand or claim shall remain a lien on 
such logs, timber, posts, ties, poles, bark, bolts or staves un- 
less a statement thereof in writing, made under oath by the 
claimant or some one in his or her behalf, shall be made and 
filed in the office of the clerk of the county in which such labor 
or services are performed ; provided, when such labor and 
services are performed upon any of said logs, timber, posts, 
poles, ties, bark, bolts or staves, got out to be run down, or 
are run down, the Manistee river or waters tributary thereto, 
such statement shall be filed with the clerk of the county of 
Manistee; provided further, when a lien is claimed for work 
and labor performed in running or driving said logs, timber, 
posts, poles, ties, bark, bolts or staves, then said statement 
shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the county where the 
drive terminates.. 

3. — Such statements shall briefly set forth and state the na- 
ture of such debt, demand or claim, the amount due claimant, 
as near as may be, over and above all legal set-offs, and a de- 
scription of the logs, timber, posts, ties, poles, bark, bolts or 
staves upon or against which the lien is claimed. 

4. — If any such labor or services be done between the first 
day of October and the first day of next April, such statement 
shall be filed on or before the first day of the next May; but if 
such labor be performed or done after the first daj' of April 
and before the first day of October, then such statement shall 
be filed within 30 days after the completion or last day of such 
labor or services, provided, that any sale or transfer of the 
logs, timber, cedar posts, railroad ties, telegraph poles, tan 
bark, shingle bolts or staves upon which the lien is claimed, 
during the time limited for the filing of such statement of lieu 
and persons to the filing thereof, <>r during the time limited for 



STATE LAWS. 291 



the enforcement of the same, shall in no way affect stich lien, 
but such lien shall remain and be enforced against such logs, 
timber, posts, ties, poles, bark, bolts or staves in whosesoever 
possession the same shall be found. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 

7 t — Every person who shall wilfully and maliciously burn or 
otherwise destroy or injure any pile or parcel of wood, boards, 
timber or lumber, or any fence, bars or gate, or any stack of 
grain, hay or other vegetable product, or any vegetable pro- 
duct served from the soil and not stacked, or any standing 
trees, grain, grass or other standing product of the soil, or the 
soil itself, of another, shall be punished by imprisonment in 
the state prison not more than five years, or by fine not ex- 
ceeding $500 or imprisonment in the county jail not more than 
one year, 

1, — Any person who shall wilfully and maliciously drive or 
cause to be driven or imbedded any nail, spike or piece of iron, 
steel or other metallic substance into any timber, log or bolt 
which may be put on the banks of or in any of the waters or 
in any mill yard of this state for the purpose of being made 
into lumber or marketed, shall be deemed guilt}' of a misde- 
meanor. 

FIRING OF WOODS AND PRAIEIES. 

1. — Every person who shall wilfully or negligently set fire to 
any woods, prairies or grounds not his own property, or shall 
wilfully or negligently permit any fire to pass from his own 
woods", prairies or grounds to the injury or destruction of the 
property of any other person, shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor. 

2. — Whenever the woods or prairies in any township shall 
be on fire so as to endanger property, it shall be the duty of 
the justice of the peace, supervisor and the commissioners of 
highways of such township, and each of them, to order such 
and so "many of the inhabitants of such township liable to 
work on the highways, and residing in the vicinity of the 
place where such fire shall be, as they shall severally deem nec- 
essary to repair to the place where such fire shall prevail, and 
there to assist in extinguishing the same or in stopping its 
progress. 

3. — If an y person shall refuse or wilfully neglect to comply 
with such order, he shall forfeit a sum not less than $5 or 
more than $50. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 
5. — Every person who shall wilfully dam up any rivers, 
creeks or streams in this state, or obstruct the navigation 
thereof, except for the purpose of milling or the use of ma- 
chinery, with intent to hinder or obstruct any person to the 
use thereof as provided in this act, or who shall wilfully cut, untie, 
loosen or cast off any rope, chain, pole, timber or pile, or 
other fastening by which any boom containing any logs or 
timber shall be secure, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor. 



STATE LAWS. 



REGULATIONS FOR FLOATING LOGS, TIMBER AND LUMBER. 

If any person or persons shall put, or cause to be put, into 
any lake, river creek or stream of this state any logs, timber 
or lumber, tor the purpose of floating the same to the place of 
manufacture or market, and shall not make adequate provi- 
sions and put on sufficient force for breaking jams of such logs, 
timber or lumber in or upon such lake, river, creek or stream 
or for running or clearing the same from the banks or shores 
thereof; or for running or driving the same, and shall thereby 
hinder the removal of any logs from the banks or shores 
thereof; or shall thereby obstruct the floating or navigation 
of such lake, river, creek or stream, it shall be lawful for any 
other person, company or corporation engaged in floating of 
running logs, timber or lumber in such lake, river, creek or 
stream so obstructed, to eatise such jams to be broken, and 
such logs, timber or lumber to be run, driven and cleared from 
the banks of such lake, river, creek or stream at the cost and 
expense of the person or persons owning such logs, timber or 
lumber; and such owner shall be liable to such person, com- 
pany or corporation for such cost and expense; and such com- 
pany, person or corporation so causing such jams to be broken, 
or such logs, timber or lumber to be run, driven or cleared, 
may have a lien on such logs, timber or iumber, for his or their 
reasonable charges and expenses for breaking jams and run- 
ning, driving and clearing the same; and shall be entitled to 
take and retain possession of such logs, timber or lumber 
wherever the same may be found, or so much thereof as mav 
be necessary to satisfy the amount of such charges and ex- 
penses and all costs thereon until the same shall be determined, 
satisfied and paid. 

SIDE BOOMS. 

7. — It shall be lawful for anj^ person or persons having logs 
or timber in any stream navigable for licensed water craft, to 
boom such logs" or timber along the shore, and to secure the 
booms by means of piles driven in the stream, or by chains, 
ropes, timber or traverse poles, made fast at points along 
the shore; provided, that there shall be at all times suf- 
ficient channel left clear to allow of navigation b}' any craft of 
rafts usually navigating such streams. 

LOG MARKS. 

1, — Every person, co-partnership or corporation who shell 
put any logs or timber into any river, stream or water in this 
state, lor the purpose of rafting or floating the same to any 
other place, shall havesome markormarks previously selected, 
approved and recorded, impressed in a conspicuous place or 
places upon the end or surface of each of said logs or sticks of 
timber so put into any ot the aforesaid waters. 

1>. — Before any such mark or marks shall be used it shall be 
the duty of every such person, copartnership or corporation 
intending to use the same,. to cause a diagram and full and 
complete written descrintion thereof, signed by such person, 
copartnership, corporation, to be recorded in the office of the 
clerk of each county through which any river, stream or water 
may run, whereon is to be floated any logs or timber upon 



STATE LAWS. 293 



which said mark or marks are to be placed; and shall also 
give notice in writing to each log running or booming com- 
pany doing business on any waters on which the logs or tim- 
ber are floated or run. 

6. — If any person shall falsely make, forge or counterfeit such 
mark, and use the same in marking logs or timber, knowing 
the same to be the mark of another person, and with intent to 
defraud, shall be deemed guilty of felony. 

HUNG UP LOGS. 
10. — Whenever any logs, timber, boards or planks, in rafts 
or otherwise, shall be drifted or float upon any island in any of 
the waters or streams in this state, or upon the banks or 
shores of such waters or lands adjacent thereto, the owner of 
such logs, timber or plank, or any person or corporation en- 
titled to the possession thereof, may at any time within two 
years remove the same upon paying or tendering to the owner 
or occupant of such bank, shore or land, such reasonable dam- 
ages as may have been caused by such occupancy and removal. 
If such logs, timber, boards or planks shall not be removed 
within the said two years, under the provisions of this section, 
the owner thereof shall be deemed to have forfeited all right 
thereto. 

RAFTING AND BOOHING COMPANIES. 

1. — Any number of persons, not less than five, may be formed 
into a corporation for the purpose of running, driving, boom- 
ing and rafting logs, timber and lumber on any of the streams 
or waters -within this state, by complying with the statutory 
requirements. 

4. — Such corporation shall have authority to make and con- 
struct all proper and necessary rollways, booms, piers and 
other constructions along said stream or waters, for the run- 
ning, driving, booming, rafting or securing said logs, timber or 
lumber; provided, that in all cases the consent of the riparian 
owner or occupants of any lands whereon such rollways, 
booms, piers or other constructions are intended to be made 
shall first have been obtained; and provided, also, that nosuch 
roll way, boom, pier or other construction shall interrupt 
or hinder the free use, navigation or floatngeupon such stream 
or waters, by the public or any person interested in the same, 
or to be so constructed as to infringe upon the rights of in- 
dividuals. 

LUMBERMEN'S EXCHANGES. 

' 1. — Any number of persons, not less than 25, residing in any 
town, city or county, provided that the residents of any two 
or more towns, cities or counties may associate themselves to- 
gether as a lumber exchange, and assemble at any time and 
place upon which a majority of the members so associating 
themselves together may agree, and elect a president and one 
or more vice-presidents, "and such other officers as thej^ deter- 
mine upon; adopt a name, constitution and by-laws, such as 
may be determinsd upon; and they and their associates shall 
thereupon become a body corporate under the name and style 
of such name by them so adopted; and by that name may sue 
and be sued, implead and be impleaded, receive, acquire and 



294 STATE LAWS. 



hold property and effects, real and personal, by gift; devise or 
purchase, and dispose of the same by sale and conveyance, or 
by lease or otherwise; may have a common seal and may alter 
the same at pleasure; and shall possess and enjoy all the 
powers and privileges and immunities incidentto corporations 
for the purposes herein mentioned and contemplated; pro- 
vided, that no corporation hereby created shall at any one 
time hold real estate the value of which shall exceed $50,000. 

5. — Said corporation shall have power to appoint inspectors, 
as many as they shall see fit, to examine, measure and inspect 
lumber, shingles, logs and every other article of traffic com- 
monly dealt in by members of said corporation, or any of 
them, or by persons engaged in what is commonly understood 
to be the lumber business, and to prescribe the rules and fix 
the grade by which such inspectors shall be governed in the 
discharge of their duties,' and the certificate of such inspector 
as to the quality, quantity or character of such article thus 
inspected; and their mark thereon shall be evidence between 
buyer and seller of the grade, quantity, quality or character 
of the same, shall be binding upon the members of said corpo- 
ration, or others interested, who shall obtain, require or assent 
to the employment oi said inspector. 



MINNESOTA. 

RIVER DRIVING. 

2242. — All rivers within this state of sufficient size for float- 
ing or driving logs, timber or lumber, and which may be used 
for that purpose, are hereby declared to be public highways, 
so far as to prevent obstructions tt> the free passage of logs, 
timber or lumber down said streams, or either of them. 

2243. — No dam or boom shall be constructed or permitted 
on any river, as herein specified, unless said dam or boom has 
connected therewith a sluice way, lock or other fixture sufficient 
and so arranged as to permit logs, timber and lumber to pass 
around, through or over said dam or boom, without unreason- 
able delay or hindrance. 

2244. — Any boom or weir now in or on any river as afore- 
said, that is to be constructed as to prevent the free passage 
of logs or lumber, is declared a public nuisance, which shall be 
abated unless a suitable sluiceway, lock or passage, as above 
provided, is made as aforesaid, within 30 days after written 
notice given by any person interested. 

LUMBER DISTRICTS. 

2245. — There are established seven districts for the survey 
and measurement of logs and timber within this state. 

2246. — The Saint Croix lake and river and their tributaries 
constitute the first district: the Mississippi river and its tribu- 
tarii s above the mouth of the Saint Croix lake constitute the 
second district; the Mississippi river and its tributaries be- 
tween the mouth of Saint Croix lake and the outlet of Lake 
Pepin constitute the third district; the Mississippi river and 
its tributar es 1 elow the outlet of Lrke Pepin to the southern 
line of Wabasha county constitute the fourth district. All the 
waters tributary to Lake Superior, and all the waters in the 



STATE TAWS. 295 



counties c f St. Louis, Lalie and Cook, the Little Fork and Big- 
Fork rivers and their tributaries, Rainy Lake and Rainy Lake 
river, as far as the Lake of the Woods and all the tributaries 
of Rainy Lake and Rainy Lake river constitute the fifth dis- 
trict; the Mississippi river and its tributaries from the south- 
ern line of Wabasha county t ) the southern lice of the State of 
Minnesota constitute the jixth district; the Red river, Red 
lake and Lake of the Woods and their tributaries, except 
Rainy Lake, Rainy Lake river and their tributaries, constitute 
the seventh district. Gen. Laws, 1893, Chap. 80. 

SURVEYORS, TECEIR POWERS, DUTIES AND FEES. 

2247. — There shall be bi-ahnually appointed by the governor, 
with the advice and consent of the senate, a surveyor-general 
for each of the districts aforesaid, who shall be a citizen of the 
district for which he is appointed at the time of his appoint- 
ment, and he shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of his 
office onthethird Monday in April next succeeding his appoint- 
ment, and shall hold his office for two years, and until his suc- 
cessor is appointed, confirmed and qualified. 

2251. — The survej^or-general may appoint any number of 
deputies necessary to transact the business of his district, and 
for the correctness of their acts and doings has to be respons- 
ible upon his bond. 

2253. — The surveyor-general, by himself or his deputy, at 
the request of the owner of any logs, timber or lumber, or any 
sheriff, coroner or constable, who has replevied, attached or 
levied on any logs, timber or lumber, or of any person who 
has a written order from the owner for the delivery of any 
logs, timber or lumber to repair to any part of his district, 
and survey such logs, timber or lumber, and upon completing 
such survey to make out a true and correct scale bill thereof, 
stating the person by whom, the time when and place where 
such logs, timber or lumber was scaled, at whose request and 
to whom scaled, if to any one; and the scale mark placed 
thereon, the number of logs, and when requested by the owner 
or any other person controlling the same, the number of pieces 
of the logs or timber, together with the markormarks thereon, 
and the number of feet therein contained, and shall sign the 
name; and thereupon he shall record such bill in the books of 
his office, and upon being 'paid his fees for such services he 
shall deliver the original bill to the person to whom the logs, 
timber or lumber is scaled, if any; if not, then to the person re- 
questing the survey; and such bill and the record thereof shall 
each be prima facie evidence of the fatts therein stated. No 
surveyor-general or deputy-surveyor shall in person survey 
any logs, timber or lumber owned wholly or in part by him- 
self, but either may survey any such logs, timber or lumber 
owned wholly or in part by the other; provided, that when 
logs which have been cut in any lumber district in this state 
have been run out of said district, it shall be lawful for the sur- 
veyor-general of the district in which said logs were cut, when 
requested to do so as above provided, to scale said logs by 
himself or deputy, and record the scale bill thereof in the books 
of his office; and said scale and record thereof shall be received 
as of the same degree of evidence as if the same had been done 
in his own proper district. 

2256. — The said surveyors and their deputies shall, in sur- 
veying or measuring logs or timber, make such allowances fof 



20(> STATE LAWS. 



hollow, rotten and crooked logs as would reduce and make 
them equal to good, sound and straight merchantable logs; 
and in surveying lumber shall throw off rotten, shaky or 
wormy stuff, and make the same equal to good merchantable 
lumber; and the figures showing such survey shall at the time 
of making the same be entered by the surveyor in pass books 
kept for the purpose, which books shall be preserved and 
filed by the surveyor-general in his office, for the inspection of 
all persons interested therein. 

2257. — The surveyor-general shall keep posted in his office a 
written rule or scale of logs of all sizes and lengths, which 
shall govern him in his surveys, and the scale rule known as 
Scribner's rule is hereby adopted as the only legal rule for the 
survey of logs in this state; provided, that every log shall be 
surveyed by the largest number of even feet which it contains 
in length over 10 feet and under 24 feet, and all logs of 24. feet 
in length or more shall be surveyed as two logs or more. 

2259. — In all cases of scale or transfer of any logs or timber, 
by one party to another, if the surveyor-general by himself or 
deputy surveys the same, he shall, at the time of making such 
survey, place upon each of such logs or pieces of timber the 
scale mark of the purchaser or the other transferee; and there- 
upon such scale mark shall supersede all prior marks upon such 
logs and timber, and become and be the log mark of such 
purchaser or transferee on the same logs and timber; and in 
all cases of a sale or other transfer of any logs or timber, the 
purchaser or other transferee shall be entitled to receive and hn ve 
the scale bill, and when the surveyor-general delivers a scale 
bill to any person, he shall note upon the margin of the record 
thereof the name of the person to whom delivered and the date 
of the delivery. 

2260. — * * * For the purpose of securing to the surveyor- 
general the payment of his fees, whether the same are for 
traveling, surveying, making scale bills or recording the same, 
or for all or any of such services, such surveyor-general shall 
have a lien upon all such logs, timber or lumber. 

22'} 2. -—The surveyor-general of the first district shall keep 
an alphabetical list of all the leg marks recorded in his office. 

2263. — The surveyor-general shall not be required, except 
upon the request of a sheriff or constable in case of an attach- 
ment or levy thereon, to scale any logs to any person other 
than the owner, as the title thereto appears by the records in 
his office, without an order in writing therefor recorded in his 
office; and the surveyor-general shall record in the books of 
his office, in the order in which they are presented for record, 
all orders drawn bj' the owners of any logs, directing him to 
scale any logs of his mark or marks to any other person; and 
the first log scaled off of the mark given in such order and 
within the lien or of the lot or parcel prescribed therein, shall 
be scaled to the person in whose favor the order is drawn 
according: to the priority of record; such order shall be re- 
corded in the same books with bills and sales and mortgage", 
and shall have preference over any subsequent sale, transfer or 
incumbrance of such logs; and the fees of recording such orders 
shall be collected in the same manner and at the same time 
with the fees for scaling such logs. 



STATE LAWS. 297 



2264. — The certificate of the surveyor-general of any mark 
which has been recorded in the office, in the district in which 
the logs were cut or into which they come, and that there is 
no transferor such mark recorded in the book of this office, shall 
be prima facie evidence in any court in this state that the logs 
bearing such marks not superseded by any other mark, are 
the property of the person in whose name such mark is re- 
corded. If the surveyor-general certifies that marks have 
been transferred on the books of his ottice, and the name of the 
person to whom such marks were last transferred, such a certi- 
ficate shall be primafacie evidence of the ownership of the logs 
by the person to whom the mark was last transferred; and if 
the surveyor-general certifies that such mark has been super- 
seded on any logs, naming the person in whose favor the same 
was last superseded, such certificate shall be prima facie evi- 
dence of the ownership of the logs bearing such mark super- 
seded by the person owning such superseding mark, no sale or 
transfer of any log mark, sale, mortage or other transfer or 
incumbrance of any logs cut in this state, or which come into 
any district of this state, shall be legal or binding, except between 
the parties thereto, unless such sale, transfer, mortgage or in- 
cumbrance is in writing, and in recording in the office of the 
surveyor-general in the district where such logs are cut, or into 
which they have come if cut in any other states, provided that 
the surveyor-general is authorized to transfer, in his district, 
any log mark to an}' person wishing to use the same, after said 
log mark had been recorded eight years, and the logs marked 
with that mark have become extinct. 

2265. — No logs shall be scaled by the surveyor-general or 
his deputies, unless the marks upon the said logs are properly 
recorded in accordance with the provisions of this title. 

And no survey of any logs shall be received in any court 
in this state except the survey of the surveyor-general or his 
deputies. 

2266. — The surveyor-general shall report to the legislature at 
the beginning of each regular session thereof the total number 
of feet of logs and lumber which he has surveyed in his district 
of the year ending the thirtieth day of November last past. 

2267. — He shall record all mortgages, liens and bills of sale 
or other written instruments in any way affecting the owner- 
ship of any mark of logs in his district, in a book kept for that 
purpose; provided, that said instruments shall specify the 
marks for that purpose; provided, that said instrument shall 
specify the marks placed upon the said logs when they were 
cut, and shall be recorded in the office of the surveyor-general, 
in which said marks are recorded; and no conveyances, lien, 
mortgages or transfer shall be valid until the sales are so 
recorded. 

LOG MARKS. 

2268.— Whoever cuts any logs in either of the districts of 
this state shall, before proceeding to make the same, cause to 
be recorded, in the office of the surveyor-general in whose dis- 
trict such logs may be, a copy of the log mark which is to 
be put upon said logs, and which mark shall be distinctly 
different from any other mark recorded in the same district. 



298 STATE LAWS. 



Whoever cuts any logs in any state adjoining either of the dis- 
tricts of this state, and intends to bring such logs into any 
such district, may have his log mark recorded in the district 
into which he intends to bring such logs and into which they 
may be brought, with the same rights, force and effect as if 
such logs had been cutin such district. And when anylogmark 
is recorded in pursuance of the provision of this chapter, such 
mark shall be deemed and held to be the property of any person 
in whose name it is recorded; and such mark borne upon any 
logs or timber, and not superseded by any other mark, shall 
be prima facie that the logs or timber bearing such mark are 
the property of the person owning the mark. 

Any such log mark may be sold or transferred by the bill of 
sale recorded in the office of the surveyor-general where the 
mark is recorded. 

STEALING LOGS. DEFACING LOG MARKS. FALSE MARKS. 
2270. — Whoever takes from any of the rivers or their tribu- 
taries, in or bordering on this state, or from any slough, 
ravine, island or land adjoining said rivers or tributaries into 
or upon which any log may run, or cuts out. mutilates, de- 
stroys or renders illigible the mark or marks thereon, or in 
any manner wilfully injures any such logs, his own or who- 
ever, other than the surveyor-general or his deputies, places 
upon any lot or piece of timber any mark except the original 
mark, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a 
fine not less than $50 or more than $1,000, or by imprison- 
ment in the state prison for not less than one year, or more 
than three years, and shall be farther liable for double the 
market value of said logs at the time so taken, or imprisoned, 
to be recorded by the owner of such logs in a civil action. 

BOOMS 

2275. — The parties contracting and operating side booms 
upon any of the rivers or streams of this state shall construct 
and operate the same so as to reasonably exclude the logs and 
other fioatables of other parties floating in said rivers or 
streams from entering such booms; and they shall also make 
and provide proper and sufficient openings for the admission 
of logs into such side booms. 

In case logs, timber or other fioatables belonging to other 
parties run, or by mistake are driven, into any such private 
boom or booms, neither the owner of such logs, timber or 
fioatables, nor any other person or party shall be permitted 
to cut, open or in any way injure such private boom, or other- 
wise interfere with the same, except for as may be necessary to 
obtain the logs, timber <>r fioatables, so run, or by mistake 
included therein, and then only when it can be done without 
injury to such private boom. 

227G. — Whoever wilfully and maliciously opens, breaks, cuts 
i>r otherwise destroys or injures any side or other boom, or 
turns the whole or any part ol the logs or timber contained 
therein loose or adrift, except for the purpose herein mentioned, 
and except also in case such boom materially obstructs the 
navigation of any navigable stream, or unlawfully intrudes 
upon the property of any such person, the person so opening, 



STATE LAWS. 299 



breaking, cutting - , injuring or destroying such boom, or turn- 
ing loose or adrift such logs, or who wilfully or maliciously 
cuts loose or turns adrift any boom, string or raft of logs, 
timber or lumber, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished. 

DAMS. 

2296 — The board of county commissioners may grant a li- 
cense to any person applying therefor to construct and main- 
tain a dam or dams across any stream within their respective 
county and counties thereto attached for record or judicial 
purposes, for the purpose of raising a head of water sufficient 
to sluice logs, timber or lumber, upon being satisfied that such 
sluice dam is necessary at the point applied for, and that the 
land on both sides of the stream is in the possession or under 
the control of the person so applying for a license. 

2297. — In all cases when the stream across which a license 
for a sluice dam is sought runs between two counties, the 
hoard of county commissioners of either county have a full 
jurisdiction in the premises as though the stream was wholly 
within the county of which they are commissioners; and when 
the board of county commissioners of either county have ex- 
ercised jurisdiction. under this title, and have granted a license 
thereunder, the county commissioners of no other county have 
any nower-to exercise any jurisdiction over the same. 

2301. — Wherever a board of county commissioners of any 
county grant a license to construct and maintain a sluice dam 
across any stream within their jurisdiction, the said board 
shad establish the rate of tolls, which may be demanded for 
the sluicing of logs, timber and lumber, but the tolls for each 
dam shall not exceed the sum of 6 cents per thousand feet so 
sluiced; provided, that at the Snake river dam, in Pine county, 
the said toll may be 10 cents. 

LOG LIEN. 

2277. — Any person who may do or perform any manual la- 
bor in cutting, banking, driving, rafting, cribbing or towing 
any logs, railroad cross ties or timber in this state shall have 
a lien thereon as against the owner thereof and all other per- 
sons, except the state of Minnesota, for the amount due for 
such services, and the same shall take precedence of all other 
claims thereon; and any verbal or written agreement, ex- 
pressed or implied, made by or between any person or persons 
or chartered' company or companies, designed to act as a 
waiver of any right under this act, or any portion thereof, shall 
be wholly void. 

2278, — This act is intended on lj- for the protection of laborers 
for hire, and shall not inure to the benefit of any person inter- 
ested in contracting, cutting, hauling, banking or driving logs 
by the thousand. 

2279. — No such debt, demand or claim shall remain a lien on 
any such logs or timber, unless a statement thereof in writing, 
under oath by claimant or someone in his behalf, shall be made 
and filed for record in the office of the surveyor-general of the 
lumber district in which such logs or timber may be. * * * 
For all such labor done and performed between the first day 
of October and the first day of April, such statement shall be 



300 STATE LAWS. 



filed on or before the first day of May next thereafter; and for 
all labor done and performed between the first day of April 
and the first day of October, such statement shall be filed 
within 30 days after the completion or last day of such labor 
^r services, and unless action shall be begun for the recovery 
and enforcement of such claim or demand under the provisions 
of this act, within three months after the filing of such state- 
ment, the lien shall cease. 

2280. — Any person having a lien upon any logs or timber 
pursuant to the provisions of this act may enforce the same 
by attachment against such logs or timber, in the district 
court of said state, in the judicial district wherein Is situated 
the office of the surveyor-general in which the mark of such 
logs or timber is or should be recorded. 

2283. — In all suits under the provisions of this act the per- 
son, company or corporation liable for the payment of such 
debt or claim shall be defendant; but any person having an 
interest in or lien upon the logs or timber upon which the lien 
or claim may apply, maybe admitted by the court, so far as 
necessary to protect his rights in the premises. 

2290. — When there are more persons than one having claims 
upon the same logs or timber as herein provided, it shall be 
lawful for any one person having such claim to purchase the 
clr.ims of any of the others and take a written assignment of 
the same, either before or after the making or filing of the 
statement therefor. 

Any person having a claim upon logs or timber as provided 
in this act, may assign the same in writing to any person, 
either before or after the making and filing of the statement 
therefor as provided in section sixty-four of this act, and the 
person to whom such claim may be assigned, his agent or 
attorney, may make and file for record the statement for a lien 
therefor as provided in said section sixty-four in case no such 
statement thereof has been filed. And when such statement, 
as provided for in section sixty-four of this act, and the assign- 
ment provided for in this section, has been made and filed in 
the office of the surveyor general of the lumber district in 
which said logs are situated, said person to whom said assign- 
ment is made shall be subrogated to all the rights of the orig- 
inal claimant, and is hereby authorized to enfore the lien 
against said logs or timber", in his own name, in the same 
manner and with the same effect, as the original claimant 
could havedone had not such assignment been made. And any 
person holding the title to such logs or timber, or any lien by 
mortgage or otherwise thereon, as security for the payment of 
any sum as stumpage thereon, may, in like manner, purchase 
and take an assignment of any or all of such claims for labor, 
or may pay and discharge the same, and in ether case may 
tack the same to his original claim and hold the same as ah 
additional incumbrance thereon, and may enforce the payment 
of the same, with interest in like manner as his original claim 
thereon; but in no case shall he be required to pay more than 
the reasonable and current value of such labor. — {Gen. Laws, 
1893, Ch. 78.) 

2291. — Any person who shall desire to float to market or any 
place of manufacture any logs or timber in any of the streams of 



STATE LAWS. 301 



the state, and who shall be hindered and obstructed in so doing 
by the logs or timber of another; or any person whose logs or 
timber in any of the waters of the state areso intermixed with 
the logs or timber of another that the same cannot be con- 
veniently separated for the purpose of being floated to the 
market or place of manufacture, may drive all logs or timber 
with which his own is or may be obstructed or intermixed, 
toward such market or place of manufacture, to some point 
where the same can be conveniently separated from his own, 
and shall be entitled to a reasonable compensation therefor 
from the owner of such logs or timber; and upon the filing in 
the office of the surveyor-general of the district where such logs 
may be. within 30 days after the completion of such driving of 
any such logs or timber, a statement setting forth when and 
where the same were driven, the amount of his claim therefor, 
together with the mark borne upon any such logs or timber, 
and verified by his oath or affidavit, such person shall have 
and retain a lien upon any logs or timber bearing such 
mark, for the amount of such claim, from the time of filing 
the same, and may have and maintain a civil action for the 
amount of such claim, or for the the enforcement of such lien, 
against the owner of such logs or timber, or any person in 
whose name such mark shall be recorded at the time of filing 
such claims; provided, that a failure to commence such actions 
within 30 days after the filing of such claim shall operate as a 
discharge of said lien. 

AGREEMENT FOR EXTENDING TIME OF PAYMENT FOR CUTTING, 
BANKING AND DRIVING LOGS MUST BE IN WRITING. 

Every agreement for extending the time of payment for 
manual labor, performed, as to be performed, in cutting, haul- 
ing, banking or driving logs, beyond the date of the 
completion of such labor, shall be void unless such agree- 
ment is in writing, subscribed by the party to be charged 
therewith and expressing the true consideration therefor, 
and unless at the time of the completion of such labor 
partnership or the making of such contract the person, 
or corporation for whom such labor shall be performed 
shall execute and deliver to the person performing the 
same, his or its negotiable promissory note for the compensa- 
tion therefor, with interest, due at such time as maybe agreed 
upon; Provided, That it shall not be competent for any such 
laborer to waive any of the provisions of this act, nor shall 
the right of such laborer to a lien upon any property to secure 
the payment for such labor be waived by the acceptance of 
such note, but such right of lien shall pass with the note and 
vest in and be enforceable by the holder thereof. — (Laws 1891, 
Chap. 76.) 

PUNISHMENT FOR INJURY TO REAL OR PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

"Injury to real or Personal Property. — A person who unlaw- 
fully and willfully destroys or injures any real or personal pro- 
perty of another, which is not specially described herein and 
where the punishment thereof is not specially prescribed by 



o02 STATE i.aws. 



statute, is guilty of misdemeanor, and is punishable as follows: 
"First.— If the value of the property destroyed, or the 
diminution in value of the property by the injury, is less than 
twenty (20) dollars, by imprisonment in the county jail for 
not more than three (3) months or by a fine of not more than 
one hundred (100) dollars. 

"Second — If the value of the property destroyed, or the 
diminution in the value of the property by the injury is twenty 
(20) dollars or more, by imprisonment in the county jail for 
not more than one (1) year, or by a fine of not more than five 
hundred (500) dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 
"Third. — And in addition to the punishment prescribed 
therefor, he is liable in treble damages for the injury done, to 
be recovered in a civil action bythe owner of such property or 
the public officer having charge thereof."— {Penal Code, Sec. 
401.) 



MISSISSIPPI. 

LOG SCALE. 

953. — The table known as "Scribner's Lumber and Log 
Book by Doyle's Rule," be and the same is hereby adopted and 
declared to be the standard rule of measurement by which saw 
logs and square timber sold in this state shall be measured. 

954. — It shall be unlawful for any person in this state to use 
as a rule of measurement in measuring saw logs and square 
timber, any table or rule of measurement that gives a measure- 
ment and computation less than given by "Scribner's Lumber 
and Log Book by Doyle's Rule"; and any person violating the 
provisions of this act shall be deemed and held to be guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and may be tried before any court having 
competent jurisdiction, and If found guilty shall be fined for 
each offense not less than $50 n~r more than $250, and may 
be imprisoned not less than one or more than six months, or 
both, at the discretion of the court. 

ALTERING MARKS. 

If any person shall knowingly and willfully alter or deface 
the mark or brand of any saw log, the property of another, 
without his consent, and with intent to deprive the owner of 
his property, he shall, on conviction, be fined not exceeding 
$100 or imprisoned in the county jail not more than three 
months, or both. 

STEALING LOGS. 

Cutting or rafting trees or timber on the land of another 
without his consent, is punishable by imprisonment in the 
county jail not more than five months or by fine not less than 
$10 or more than $1,000, or both. 

OBSTRUCTION OF STREAM. 

The obstruction of navigation in a navigable stream by logs 
or lumber, hindering or delaying any person in the driving or 
running of logs, gives the person so aggrieved the right to 



STATE LAWS. SQ'i 



break the jam and cause the obstructing logs, timber, or lum- 
ber to be boomed, rafted or run at the expense of the owner, 
such expense and cost being a lien on the logs, timber or lum- 
ber. Such lien may be enforced by sale. 

Damage done to bridges by such logs or lumber is also a lien 
thereon. 



MONTANA. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 

218. — Every person who shall willfully and maliciously burn 
or injure any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or other lum- 
ber, or any part thereof, or cut loose or set adrift any such 
raft or part thereof; or shall cut, break, injure, sink or set 
adrift any such boat, canoe, skiff, or other vessel or water 
craft, being the property of another, shall, on conviction 
thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 or imprison- 
ment in the county jail not exceeding six months. 

221. — Any person who shall carelessly set fire to any timber, 
woodland or grass, except for useful or necessary purposes; 
or who shall at any time make camp fire, or shall light any 
fire for any purpose whatever, without taking sufficient steps 
to secure the same from spreading from the immediate locality 
where the same may be used, or shall fail in any instance to 
put out or extinguish said fire before leaving or abandoning 
the same, shall be deemed guilty of a felony. 



NEBRASKA. 

PROHIBITING LUMBER DEALERS EROM POOLING AND FIXING THE 
PRICE OF LUMBER. 

By Chapter 49, General Laws, 1893, it is unlawful for any 
lumber dealer or association of lumber dealers or any person 
or persons to enter into any agreement, contract or combina- 
tion with any other lumber dealer or lumber dealers, associa- 
tion, person or party, for the pooling or fixing of prices of 
different and competing dealers and sellers, or to divide be- 
tween them the aggregate or net proceeds of the earnings of 
such dealers and sellers or any portion thereof, or for fixing 
the price at which any lumber dealer or lumber dealers, or as- 
sociation of lumber dealers or any other person or persons 
shall sell lumber. 

Any lumber dealer, persons or association, subject to the pro- 
visions of this act, who shall do or cause to be done, or know- 
ingly suffer or permit to be done any act, matter or thing in 
this act prohibited, or shall omit to do any act, matter or 
thing, in this act required to be done, such lumber dealer or as- 
sociation shall be liable to the party injured thereby, to the full 
amount of damages sustained, together with reasonable 
attorneys' fee. And the court may compel any lumber dealer, 
or association of lumber dealers, or any director, officer, re- 



304 STATE UWS. 



ceiver, trustee, agent, employee, or clerk of them, defendant in 
such action or suit, to attend, appear and testify in such case, 
and compel the production of the books and papers of such 
lumber dealers, corporation or association of lumber dealers. 
Each day of the continuance of the violation of this act shall 
be deemed a separate offense, and the person or parties subject 
to the provisions thereof and violating the same shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction 
thereof, be fined in a sum not less than $200 and not more 
than $1,000, or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding 
six months, or both fine and imprisonment, at the discretion 
of the court, and shall moreover be liable to the suit of the 
party injured or damaged. 



NEVADA. 



RIVER DRIVING. 



106 i.— Any number of persons, not less than five, may be 
formed into a corporation for the purpose of running, driving, 
booming and rafting logs, timber, lumber and wood, on any 
of the streams or waters within this state, by complying with 
the statutory requirements. Such corporation shall have 
power to acquire and hold, by purchase, gift, grant, lease or 
otherwise, any lands, tenements, hereditaments and appurte- 
nances, or the erection of mills, offices, houses or other build- 
ings necessary and proper for carrying on the business of said 
c >rporation. To assess and collect all rates, dues and sums 
of money from the members of said corporation, by demand, 
suit or otherwise, in any place or court of proper jurisdiction, 
according to law. To make and construct all proper and 
necessary rollways, booms, piers and other constructions 
along said stream of water, for running, driving, booming or 
securing said logs, timber, lumber and wood: provided, that 
no such rollwoy. boom or pier or other construction, shall in- 
terfere or hinder the free use and navigation upon such streams 
or waters, and provided further thatTnothing contained in this 
act shall authorize any corporation formed under the same to 
injure or in anywise interfere -with any dam, ditches or flumes 
that are constructed or may be hereafter constructed for 
milling or farming purposes; provided, that all dams here- 
after constructed shall, whenever the same is required by 
any corporation hereafter formed under this act, provide 
suitable and necessary chutes and aprons, for the purpose 
of passing over or through said dam, logs or other timbers: 
and provided further, that the rights of those owning lands 
upon said rivers shall not be interfered with or infringed upon. 
To collect and remove from all islands and lowlands any loss, 
timber, lumber or wood belonging to such corporation, that 
may be carried out by the waters of overflow or the overflow- 
age of the banks of such streams or water, and drifted or 
lodged upon any such island or lowland, and return the same 
to the main channel of the river. 



STATE) LAWS. 305 



LOG LIEN. 



3825 —All persons who shall perform work of labor upon 
any tract or tracts of lands, by cutting or cording the wood 
o? ttmber growing, or being thereon, shall have and may each 
reUeTtively claim and hold a lien upon the wood or timber so 
cut or corded for tne amount in value of the work or labor 
Performed, by retaining possession of the same until the 
whole amount due for such work or labor shall have = been 
paid; provided that any 1 en, claimed or held as aforesaid, 
shall be deemed to be waived, unless an action be brought in 
some court of competent jurisdiction, for the recovery of the 
amount for which such lien is claimed as security .within 60 
days after such wood or timber shall have been taken into 



possession by the claimant. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

LOG LIEN. 



Any person who, by himself or others or by teams, shall 
oerform labor or furnish supplies to the amount of $15 or 
more toward rafting, driving, cutting, hauling or drawing 
wood, bark, lumber, logs, or at cooking or hauling supplies in 
aid of such labor, shall have a lien thereon for such labor or 
Supplies 7 which lien shall take precedence of all prior claims 
Scept 1 ens on account of public taxes, to continue 90 day, 
after the services are performed or supplies furnished, and may 
be secured by attachment. 



OREGON. 

LOG LIEN. 



SEC 1 That every person performing labor upon, or who 
shall 'assist in obtaining or securing sawlogs, spars, piesor 
other timber, has a lien upon the same for the work or labor 
done upon or in obtaining or securing the same, whether such 
work or labor was done at the instance of the owner of the 
same or his agent. The cook in a logging camp, and any and 
all others who may assist in or about a logging camp shall 
be reearded as a person who assists in obtaining or securing 
the sawlogs, spars, piles or other timber mentioned herein. 

SEC. 2. EVery person performing labor upon, or who shall 
assist in manufacturing sawlogs or other timber into lumber, 
has a lien upon such lumber while the same remains at the 
yard wherein manufactured, whether such work or labor was 
done at the instance of the owner of such lumber or his agent. 

Sec 3 Any person who shall permit another to go upon 
his timber land and cut thereon sawlogs, spars, piles or other 
timber has a lien upon such logs, spars, piles and timber for 
-h? price agreed to be paid for such privilege or for the price 
such privilege or the stumpage thereon would be reasonably 



306 STATE LAWS. 



worth, in case there was no express agreement fixing the price. 

Sec. 4-. The liens provided for in this act are preferred liens 
and are prior to any and all other liens, and no sale, transfer, 
mortgage or assignment of any sawloss, spars, piles or other 
timber or manufactured lumber shall divert the lien thereon as 
herein provided. 

Sec. 5. The person rendering the service or doing the work 
or labor named in sections 1 and 2 of this act, is only entitled 
to the liens as provided herein for services, work or labor, for 
the period of six months, or any part thereof next preceding 
the filing of the claims. 

Sec. 10. No lien provided for in this act shall bind any saw- 
logs, spars, piles or other timber or any lumber for a longer 
period than six months after the claim, as herein provided for, 
has been filed, unless a suit be commenced in the circuit court 
within that time to enforce the same. 

Sec. 11. The liens provided for in this act shall be enforced 
by a suit in the circuit courts of this State, and shall be gov- 
erned by the laws regulating the proceedings relating to the 
mode and manner of trial, and the proceedings and laws to 
secure property so as to hold it for the satisfaction c f any lien 
that may be against it. 

Sec. 12. Any person who shall bring a suit to enforce the 
lien herein provided for, or any person having a lien as herein 
provided for, who shall be made a party to any such suit, has 
the right to deman 1 that such lien be enforced against the 
whole or any part of the sawlogs, spars, piles cr othrr timber 
or manufactured lumber upon which he has performed labor, 
or which he has assisted in obtaining or securing, or which 
has been cut on his timber land during the six months men- 
tioned in sections 5 and 6, for all his labor upon or for all his 
assistance in obtaining or securing said logs, spars, piles or 
other timber or in manufacturing said lumber during the 
whole or any part of the six months mentioned in section 5, or 
for timber cut during the whole or any part of the six months 
mentioned in section 6. 

Sec. 16. Any person, firm or corporation who shall injure, 
Impair or destroy, or who shall render difficult, uncertain or 
impossible of identification any sawlogs, spars, piles or other 
timber upon which there is a lien, as herein provided, without 
the express consent of the person entitled to such lien, shall be 
liable to the lien holder for the damages to the amount secured 
by his lien, wh ch sum may be recovered by an action against 
such person, firm or corporation, without bringing the suit as 
provided for in section 11 of this act; provided, that in such 
action the principal debtor shall be made a co-defendant. 

LOG MARKS. 

Sec. 1. That every person, corporation or co-partnership 
who shall put any logs or timber into any river or its branches 
or tributaries, small lake or its tributaries, bayou, marsh or 
ditch in this State, for the purpose or rafting or floating 1he 
same to any place for manufacture or sale, shall have some 
mark or marks, previously selected by him or them, impressed 
in a conspicuous place upon the end or surface of each log or 
Stick of timber so put into any of said waters. 



stat n LAWS. 



307 



SEC 2 Before any such mark or marks shall be used it shall 
be the duty of such person or co-partnership to cause a dia- 
gram and written description of same, certified and signed by 
fhe owner or owners thereof, to be recorded in the office of the 
county clerk of each county through which such logs or timber 
shall be floated for manufacture or sale, and also to give notice 
in writing to each log-running or booming company doinj 
business on any waters on which the logs or timbers are 
floated of such mark. The diagram and written description 
to be recorded as aforesaid must be different from any diagram 
or description already recorded in said office claimed by any 
other party. For recording and indexing the diagram and 
Certificate aforesaid the county clerk shall be entitled to de- 
mand and teceive a fee of twenty -five cents. 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of any such county clerk to 
reeord in a book to be kept for that purpose all marks and 
descriptions of marks furnished to him forthat purpose, which 
are different from any other mark or description there re- 
corded, which book shall be, at all reasonable hours, open to 
the inspection and examination of any p-rson requiring it. 

Sec 4. Any logs or timbers having any such recorded mark 
or marks impressed thereon, shall be presumed to belong to 
the party or parties in whose name said mark or marks shall 

h SEC b 5 en Every person, corporation or co-partnership who 
shall neglect to have his, its or their mark or marks recorded 
as requifed in the second section of this act shall be debarred 
fromall benefits arising from the due recordings of such mark 
or marks, and the vendee or assignee of any such logs or tim- 
her^hall be subj ct to the same regulations and restrictions. 

Sec. 6 If any person shall falsely make, forge or counter- 
feit such mark and use the same in marking logs or timbers 
knowing the same to be the mark of another person and with 
intent to defraud, shall be guilty of felony, and shall be pun- 
ished by imprisonment at hard labor in the State prison not 
Vo exceed five vears or by a fine of not less than one hundred 
doflS ($100) y nor more than two thousand dollars (*a,000) 

Sec 7 If any person, corporation or partnership shall wil- 
fully and knowingly, or by gross carelessness, alter or deface, 
obliterate or destroy any of such brands or marks ^hereinbe- 
fore provided for, or shall request or order the same to be 
altered, defaced, obliterated or destroyed in pursuance ?ii* & l£ 
request or orders, said person, corporation or partnership so 
altering, destroying, obliterating or defacing such brands or 
marks, or requesting or ordering the same to be done and it 
appea ing the same was done in pursuance of said ■order or 
request, shall be guilty of misdemeanor and upon conviction 
thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less two hundred dol- 
lars ($200) and not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000.) 

SEC 8. That it shall be unlawful for any Person or ^persons 
except boom companies who are compelled to catch and hold 
logs or other timbers of value, to take up saw logs, hewn 
sawed or other timbers and lumber of value found adrift on 
any river in this State, or have the same in their possession 
that shall be marked with any mark or brand, without per- 
mSsiSn of the owner or agent thereof; provided the person 



308 STATE UWS. 



claiming such mark or brand shall have had a copy thereof 
recorded in the county wherein he or they reside; and any 
person or persons violating the provisions of this section shall 
be deemed guilty of a felony, and on conviction shall be fined 
in any sum not exceeding three hundred dollars ($300), or by 
imprisonment in the penitentiary not to exceed five years. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

LOG LIEN FOR CENTRE COUNTY.' 

56 — All wages that may be due from any person or persons 
to any workman or laborer, for work and labor done in, upon 
and about the cutting, peeling, skidding and hauling of saw 
logs, squared timber and other lumber in the county of Centre, 
shall be a lien, for a period not exceeding six months, upon 
all such saw logs, squared timber and other timber, and shall 
be paid before said lumber shall be removed by the owner or 
contractor under such owner, and paid out of the proceeds 
ot a judicial or assignee's sale of such lumber. 



TEXAS. 



PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 

Whenever any article, implement, utensil or vehicle shall be 
repaired with labor and material, or with labor and without 
furnishing material, by any carpenter, mechanic, artisan or 
other workman, is authorized to retain possession of said 
article, implement, utensil or vehicle until the amount due on 
same for repairing by contract shall be fully paid off or dis- 
charged. 



VERMONT. 



LOG LIEN. 



1988 —A person cutting or drawing logs shall have a lien 
thereon for his wages, which shall take precedence of other 
claims, except public taxes, and shall continue 60 days after 
the services are performed. But such lien shall not attach 
until the person claiming it files inthetown clerk's office of the 
town where he performed the services or if the town is not or- 
ganized, in the county clerk's office, a brief statement of the 
contract under which he claims a lien, and his purpose to en- 
force it against the property for the amount due for such 
service. 

1 989.— Such lien shall have no validity against a subsequent 
purchaser unless a suit is brought and the logs attached 



state uws. 309 



thereon within 30 days from the time the plaintiffs rights of 
action accrue against the person for whom he performed the 
service; and shall be vacated as to all persons unless a suit is 
brought and the logs attached thereon within 60 days from 
such time. 

1990. — Such attachments shall be made by leaving a copy 
of the process in the town clerk's office of the town where the 
services were performed and also where the logs are, and 
either town is unorganized, in the county clerk's office. 



WASHINGTON. 



LOG AND LUMBER LIEN. 



1941. — Every person performing labor upon, or who shall 
assist in obtaining or securing saw logs, spars, piles or other 
timber, has a lien upon the same for the work or labor done 
upon or in obtaining or securing the same, whether such work 
or labor was done at the instance of the owner of the same or 
his agent. The cook in any logging camp shall be regarded as 
a person who assists m obtaining or securing the timber herein 
mentioned. 

1942. — Every person performing labor upon, or who shall 
assist in manufacturing saw logs into lumber, has a lien upon 
such lumber, while the same remains at the mill where manu 
factured, whether such work or labor was done at the instance 
of the owner of the logs or his agent. 

1943. — Any person who shall permit another to go upon 
his timber land and cut thereon saw logs, spars, piles or other 
timber, has a lien upon such logs, spars, piles and timber for 
the price agreed to be paid for such priveleges, or for the price 
such privilege would be reasonably worth in case there was 
no express agreement fixing the price. 

Term "lumber" as used above covers beams, joists, planks, 
boards, shingles, laths, staves, hoops, and every article of 
whatsoever nature or description manufactured from saw 
logs or other timber. 

The liens above mentioned are preferred to other liens and 
as between them labor liens are preferred. No transfer or sale 
can divest them. They apply only to work done and logs cut 
within eight months prior to filing lien. 

Claim for lion verified by affidavit must be filed in the office 
of the auditor >. f the county in which such work is done or logs 
cut or lumber manufactured within 30 days from the time 
such labor was performed. 

Action to enforce must be brought within eight months or 
lien ceases. 

TAKING UP STRAY LOGS. 

It is unlawful for any person to take up saw logs or hewn or 
other timber of any value found adrift in any bay, harbor or 
river in the counties of Snohomish, Whatcom, Skagit or 
Island or to use any recorded brand without consent of 
owner. 



310 STAT£ IvAWS. 



FOREST FIRES. 



Setting fire to timber belonging to the State or the United 
States is a misdemeanor punishable by one year's imprison- 
ment. 



WISCONSIN. 



LOG LIEN. 



3329. — Any person who shall do or perform any labor or 
services in cutting, felling, hauling, running, driving, rafting, 
booming, cribbing, towing, sawing or peeling or manufactur- 
ing into lumber, any logs or timber, or cutting any stave bolts 
or staves, in any of the counties of this state, shall have a lien 
upon such logs, timber, lumber, cordwood, railroad ties, tan 
and other barks, piling, telegraph poles, telephone poles, fence 
posts, paving timber, stave bolts or staves, for the amount 
due or to become due for such labor or services, which shall 
take precedence of all other claims, liens or incumbrances 
thereon or sales thereof, whether such claims, liens or incum- 
brances or sales are made, created or accrue, before or after the 
time of doing such work, labor and services. 

Sec. 2. No debt or demand for such labor and services 
shall become or remain such lien, unless a petition thereof in 
writing shall be made and signed by the claimant, and verified 
by him or some one in his behalf under oath, setting forth the 
nature of the debt or demand for which the lien is claimed, the 
amount claimed to be due, a description of the property upon 
which such lien is claimed, and the averment that the peti- 
tioner claims a lien thereon pursuant to law. Such petition 
shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of the 
county in which such labor or services were done or performed. 
If the labor or services be performed between the first day of 
November and the first day of May following, or. if such labor 
and services be commenced on a day prior to the first day of 
November, and to be continuous to a day between the 
first day of November and the first day of May, the 
petition for a lien shall be filed on or before the first day 
of June next thereafter; and if such labor and services 
shall have been done or performed after the first day of May, 
and shall terminate before the first day of November, or if the 
doing or performing of such work and labor shall be continu- 
ous from the first day of November or a day prior thereto to a 
date beyond the first day of May following, the petition for a 
lien shall be filed within 30 days after the last day of doing or 
performing such labor or services, and such labor or services 
shall be deemed continuous, notwithstanding a change of 
ownership in the property on which such lien is claimed. The 
clerk with whom such petition for a lien is filed shall receive 25 
cents for filing each petition. Where the property, subject to 
said lien, has been transported or taken from the county where 
the work was done, then the person in whose favor such lien 
exists, may. at his option, file his petition for a lien and bring 



STATE tAWS. 311 



action to foreclose the same in the county where the property 

is at the time of filing such petition. 

3331 —In enforcing claims for driving logs on the Chippewa 
river and its tributaries, or any part thereof, it shall be a suf- 
ficient filing of the lien petition if it is filed in the office of the 
clerk of the cireuit court for Chippewa county, in case the 
driving of any mark of logs is not completed the first season 
and work of driving said logs is done during a subsequent sea- 
son a notice may be filed in the office of the clerk o^said court 
within 30 days after the last work is done, or services ren- 
dered the first season, stating that a lien is claimed for driving 
said logs and the amount thereof, such filing of notice shall 
preserv! the lien until 30 days after the last service is rendered 
in driving said mark of logs the subsequent season at anytime 
within 30 days after the last service is rendered, the last 
season, a petition for a lien may be filed in the office of said 
clerk, which may include all claims for driving said mark of 
logs during both seasons, in case the notice shall have : been 
filed as aforesaid. An action to enforce such liens for driving 
may be commenced in Chippewa county at any time within 
four months after the lien petition is filed for such hen and 
such lien shall extend to all the logs of the mark to which it 

re SEC S 3. All actions to enforce any such lien may be brought 
in the circuit court of the county where the workisdonewhen 
the amount claimed over and above all le gal set-offs exceeds 
£100 or before any municipal court or justice of the peace 
having iurisdiction of the amount claimed and of the parties. 
Wher7 the work for which the lien is claimed shall have been 
done partly in one county and partly in another, the petition 
fora lien maybe filed and foreclosed in either one of said coun- 
ties A?tionJ maybe commenced to enforce and foreclose 
anv such lien if the same be due immediately after the filing ot 
such petition for a lien, and such claim for labor ^or services 
shall cease to be a lien on the property named in the petition 
for a Hen unless action to foreclose stich lien be commenced 
within four months after the filing of such petition. If the 
claim be not due at the time of such filing, the time when the 
same shall become due shall be set forth in such petition, and 
fn^uch case such claim shall not cease to be a lien on the prop- 
erty named in the petition until 30 days after such claim shall 
have become due; provided, that such claim shall continue a 
Klin all cases for four months after the filmgof such petition 
In all such actions the person, company ot corporation liable 
for the payment of such debt or claim shall be made the party 
defendant to such action. Any person claiming to *>e the 
owner of such property or of any interest therein, maybe 
mldf a Party defendant, on application to the court in which 
the action is commenced, at anytime before final judgment 

^337*— Whenever two or more persons own logs or timber 
on anJViver in this state, or any of its tributaries .which are 
"" intermixed that they cannot be conveniently, separated [for 
floating^riving them to the place of destination, and either 
ownerfhall refusl or neglect to make the necessary piovision. 
oTto furnth "the necessary labor and materials for floating or 



312 STATE I,AWS. 



driving them to such place, and other owner may drive all 
such logs or timber to such place, and shall receive reasonable 
compensation, and may enforce the same by action as herein 
provided for the enforcement of liens upon logs or timber. 

3338. — Every company incorporated for the improvement of 
rivers and streams, whose charter authorizes it to collect tolls 
on logs, lumber or timber, for such improvements or for any 
other work done on or about the same, shall have a lien 
thereon. 

3340. — All persons doing or performing any labor or services 
by cooking food for the men doiag or performing any labor or 
services upon such logs, timbi r, lumber, cordwood, railroad 
ties, tan or other barks, piling, telegraph poles, telephone 
poles, fence posts, paving timber, stave bolts or staves, at the 
request of the person, persons or corporation employing said 
men, for whom such food is cooked or manufactured, shall in 
all things be deemed to have performed work, labor and ser- 
vices, and have the right of lien therefor the same as the men 
for whom such food was cooked or manufactured. 

3340. — All persons doing or performing any labor upon any 
logs, timber, lumber, cordwood, railroad ties, tan or other 
barks, piling, telegraph poles, telephone poles, fence posts, 
paving timber, stave bolts or staves, the nature of which said 
property shall be changed by reason of any process of manu- 
facturing, shall have his right of a lien upon the manufactured 
product the same as though the labor had been performed 
directly upon the manufactured article. 

3341.— Any person performing any labor upon any lumber, 
or in cutting, peeling, piling or hauling any hemlock or other 
bark, ties or other product of labor heretofore mentioned in 
this act, for or on account of the owner, agent or assignee, 
shall have a like lien upon such lumber, etc., as given in this 
act for work and services upon logs, timber, etc. 

Sec. 7. When more than one person has a claim for a lien 
given hereunder upon the same property, any person having 
such claim, may have assigned to him the debt or claims of the 
other, subject to all defenses and set-offs to such claims against 
the original owner, and may file a petition for his own lien and 
for the claims for liens so assigned to him and bring an action 
to enforce the same in his own name; but such petition and 
the complaint in the action shall allege such assignment. 

Sec. 8. Any person who shall sell or incumber any property 
upon which such lien exists, knowing that such lien is unsatis- 
fied, without informing the purchaser or incumberer of the 
existence of such lien, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor 
and punished accordingly. 



STATE LAWS. 313 



WYOMINtt. 

LOG LIEN. 



1483 -All lien claims for labor performed in citing or 
manufacturing railroad cross ties, wood, poles or lumber, or 
fo? dofng anflabor in reference thereto, shall be concurrent 
Hens upo S n thesame, and shall be paid pro rata out of the pro- 
ceeds arising from the sale thereof, if the same shall be sold. 

iig^-Pel-sons entitled to a lien for labor performed « .cut- 
+in^ or manufacturing any railroad cross ties, wood, poles or 
fumber m han not ™e fequrred to identify any particular tie or 
tie? or' sticks, poles or boards, but may maintain their lien 
against any orall of that class of property owned and held by 
the person or persons from whom their pay for such i labor _ is 
one and may seize and sell the same as provided in this 



chapter 



314 CYPRESS INSPECTION. 



CYPRESS INSPECTION. 

Rules Adopted by the Southern Cypress dumber and 
Shingle Association, and Amended at New Orleans, 
La , September 27, 1894. 



LUMBER. 

All lumber shall be 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 feet in 
length (except tank stock), 1, 1%, 1V 2 , 2, 2H,3, 3i/ 2 and 
4 inches thick, and be classed as Tank stock, First and 
Second Clear, Select, Shop and Merchantable. 

Tank Stock shall be 5 inches and over in width, 1*4 
to 3 inches thick, and 8 feet and over long. It may have 
sap 1 inch wide on one side, to extend not over half the 
length and half the thickness of the piece, and sound 
knots that do not impair its usefulness for tank pur- 
poses. 

First and Second Clear shall be 8 inches and over 
in width, and clear up to 9 inches. Pieces 10 tol2 inches 
wide may have two sound standard knots of 1^ inches 
in diameter, and 3 inches of sound, bright sap, and for 
every 3 inches in width over 12 inches an additional 
standard knot, and an additional inch of sound, bright 
sap. Pieces wider than 10 inches may be half sound, 
bright sap if free from other defects. 

Selects shall have one face side, and be 7 inches and 
over in width, will admit two standard knots of 1V4 
inches in diameter in pieces 10 inches and under in width, 
and an additional standard knot for every 2 inches in 
width above 10 inches. Sap not to be considered a de- 
fect. Unsound knots that do not go more than half 
way through the board to be allowed. Boards free 
from other defects on face side to admit a limited num- 
ber of pin-worm holes on edge one-tenth of width of 
board. Season checks no defect and splits not more 
than 12 inches on one end to be allowed. 

Above grades must be free of peck and shake. 

Shop to be 7 inches or over in width, and includes all 
lumber that will not go into above grades, but that will 
cut for shop use so as to work three-fourths without 
waste. 



CYPRESS INSPECTION. 315 

Merchantable or Common may be any width, ad- 
mitting sap, knots and shakes, or peck when the strength 
is not impaired. 

DRESSED LUMBER. 

All stock, after being worked, shall be divided into five 
classes; Clear Heart, A, B, C, and D, which shall be in 
lengths 10 to 20 feet, and the several grades shall be de- 
find as follows: 

Clear Heart must be clear of all sap or knots, and 
without blemish. 

A must have heart face, but may have 1 inch of sap on 
thin edge, and may contain one small knot, and may 
have bright sap one-fourth its width for 6 inches from 
one end, or a check in one end, and not exceeding 6 inches 
in length. 

B may have one-third of the face bright sap, if other- 
wise clear, or in lieu of one-third sap can contain two 
small sound knots, and may have checks at one end not 
over 9 inches long. 

C may be all bright sap, or may have one to five knots, 
the whole not aggregating over 3 inches, or knots or 
other defects that can be removed in two cuts, with 
waste not exceeding 12 inches in length, or three pin- 
worm holes, and may have check or split at one end not 
exceeding 12 inches in length. 

D may have stain sap, also pin-worm holes, unsound 
knots, shake, split or other defects that would not im- 
pair its usefulness to exceed one-third. 

SHINGLES. 

Bests. — A dimension shingle; each width separately 
bunched ; 16 inches long; 5 butts to measure 2 inches; all 
heart, free of shakes, knots and other defects. 

Primes. — A dimension shingle; each width separately 
bunched ; 1 6 inches long ; 5 butts to measure 2 inches, 
admitting tight knots and sap ; free of skakes and other 
defects. 

Extra xAx. — A random width shingle 3 inches and 
over in width, and may admit shingles 14 inches long. 
Free from unsound knots and shakes 10 inches from 
butt. 

Clippers. — A random width shingle, not good enough 
to be included in above grades. 



, lb INSPECTION OP WHITE PINE FOR EXPORT. 

RULES FOR INSPECTION OF 
WHITE PINE FOR EXPORT. 

From the Port of New York. 



The rules for inspecting white pine for export are governed 
entirely by custom. The specifications herewith given have 
received the approval of one of the oldest and most competent 
inspectors of export pine in the New York market, who states 
that the rules given herein, fairly and correctly explain the 
various grades. 

SOUTH AMERICAN SHIPPERS. 

South American shippers are 12 inches wide, and 12 to 16 
feet long. No. 1 shippers should be sound and red knotted, 
and what can be designated as a good, clean board. There 
should be no black knots or branch knots over 4 inches in 
width on the edge of the piece. The lumber should be abso- 
lutely iree from shake and splits. In Albany the lumber would 
be graded as selected dressing. The Michigan shipper would 
probably have to select out the cream of No. 1 common, and 
the Chicago grade would be about a good D stock. South 
American "shippers are 1x12, iy 2 xl2, and 2x12. 

WEST INDIA SHIPPERS. 

A West India shipper is not as good as a South American 
board. The requirements are 8 inches and over wide, and 12 
to 16 feet long. Specifications vary. Occasionally an order 
will call for a car load averaging 121/2 feet to a piece, while an- 
other will make it 15 feet, which of course requires a wide aver- 
age to make it. The quality must be a sound knot, but not 
necessarily red, and small branch knots are admissible. No 
shake is admitted, but a split not to exceed 18 inches in one 
end, will pass. Generally speaking the board must be water 
tight, as it is used largely for purposes of packing sugar. Ob- 
jection is raised to discolored lumber — stained or sunburnt — 
and in taking down a pile the covering boards should not be 
shipped. The grade corresponds to an ordinary No. 2 barn 
board. 

AUSTRALIA. 

Shipments to this market consist of the Albany grades of 
good fourths, selects and pickings, also No. 1 and No. 2 shelv- 
ing. A No. 1 shelving corresponds to Albany dressing and 
better, and No. 2 is a selected South American shipper. Shelv- 
ing runs from 12 to 22 inches wide, and 12 to 16 feet long, and 
is dressed four sides. It is imperative that all the grades shall 
be absolutely dry, free from splits and well manufactured. 



FORM OF CONTRACT. 317 



FORM OF CONTRACT. 



For Sale of Standing Timber. 



This agreement made this day of 189.., by and be- 
tween ....party of the first part, and party of the second 

part. 

Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in 

consideration of the sum of. dollars to him in hand paid 

by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is 
hereby acknowledged, has bargained, sold and conveyed unto 
the said party of the second part, all the following property, 

to wit: All the standing (pine and hemlock ) timber 

which is now or may become before the expiration of the time 

limited by the terms of this agreement inches or more in 

diameter, through the bole, on the following described land 
belonging to the said party of the first part, situate in the 

county of. state of. , to wit: (Describe the 

land.) 

That the said party of the first part has and does hereby, 
grant unto the said party of the second part, his personal 
representatives and assigns, free right and license to enterupon 
said premises hereinbefore described, at any and all times from 
the day following the date hereof, for and until the expiration 

of years next thereafter ensuing, with such workmen, 

teams and apparatus as may be necessary or proper for cut- 
ting, transporting or manufacturing said lumber, and to cut 
and carry away the same. And, further, to set up and build 
on said lands such saw mills and tramways as may be re- 
quired for manufacturing and transporting such lumber; and 
also, homes and shelter for the use of the agents and workmer 
of the said party of the second part on said premises employed 
and their teams; and to clear away the undergrowth and fell 
such trees, not included in the terms of this agreement as it 
may become necessary to clear and fell for the erection of said 
buildings or laying of said tramways. 

And it is agreed, by and between the parties hereto, that the 
several structures, of the kinds herein referred to, shall not be 
considered as fixtures; but shall, if erected remain the sole 
property of the said party of the second part, and may be re- 
moved by him at any time during the said years or within 

a reasonable time thereafter. 

And the said party of the first part stipulates that he is the 
sole owner of said property hereby conveyed and has full 
power and perfect right to dispose of the same, in the man- 
ner as he has hereby done, and to grant the license and per- 
mission in the manner and for the time herein specified ; and 
the said party of the first part, for himself, his heirs, repre- 
sentatives and assigns, covenants, with the said party of the 
second part, that he wiU an i they shall defend said party of 



318 DEFINITIONS. 



the second part, his personal representativeo and assigns, in 
the free and quiet exercise of said permission and license, for 

the term of. years, against or under them or by reason of 

any defect in their title. 

Witness our hands and seals the day and year first above 
written. 



DEFINITIONS 



Laid Down by Courts of Last Resort. 



LOGS. 

Logs means the stems on trunks of trees cut into convenient 
lengths for the purpose of being afterwards manufactured into 
lumber of various kinds, but does not include manufactured 
lumber of any kind, nor timber which is squared or otherwise 
shaped for use, without further change in form. 

LUMBER. 

Lumber is timber sawed or split for use in building, and is 
material essential for building any kind of a house ordinarily 
used for business or by families. 

TIMBER. 

Timber includes the stems or trunks of trees when cut and 
shaped for use in the erection of buildings or other structures, 
and not to be manufactured into lumber within the ordinary 
meaning of the word lumber. 

STUMPAGE. 

Means the sum by agreement to be paid an owner for trees 
standing (or lying) upon his land, the party purchasing being 
permitted to enter upon the land and to cut down and to re- 
move the same. In other words it is the price paid tor a license 
to cut. 



please •Remember 



'i*— » 



If you have a piece of Second-hand Machinery to dispose 
of, or want one ; 

If you want a Situation; 

If you want an Employe for any purpose ; 

If you want a particular lot of Lumber, or have one 
to dispose o1 ; 

If you want to buy or sell Timber Lands ; 

That an inexpensive advertisement under the head 
of "Wanted" or "For Sale" is the quickest and 
easiest way to accomplish your object. 

This Department is consulted weekly by upwards of 
30,000 people, and is the great medium of exchange 
between buyer and seller in the Lumber and Machin- 
ery trade. 

For rates and terms, consult any issue of the paper 
under the head of" Wanted." 

For rates upon displav advertisements, address 

NORTHWESTERN LUMBERMAN, 

1375 " Old Colony Bid.," 

CHICAGO. 




PUBLISHED EVERY WEEK- 52 TIMES A YEAR. 
. . AT CHICAGO . . 

The Greatest Lumber Market in the World, 
BY W. B. JUDSON. 



TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION : 
ONE YEAR, - - $4.00. -555- SIX MONTHS, $2.00. 

ADVERTISING RATES: 

COMPARING SUBSCRIPTION LISTS AND RESULTS TO ADVERTISERS, 
LOWER THAN ANY OTHER LUMBER JOURNAL. 

ONE TRIAL WILL PROVE IT. 



THE LUMBERMAN is univei sally acknowledged to be 
not only the greatest Lumber Journal but one of the leading 
Trade Journals of the world. It is a Pioneer in the field; it 
has been published nearly a quarter of a century under the 
same management, and its files are, statistically and pictorial- 
ly, a history of the Lumber Trade of North America. 

THE LUMBERMAN is now a mammoth 48-to-64-page 
illustrated journal, giving each week in entertaining form the 
Lumber News of the world, and no enterprising Lumberman, 
from Manufacturer to Retailer, can afford to be without it. 

No man ever acquired too much knowledge concerning his 
business A few weeks' reading will convert any wide-awake 
operator. Try it and see. 



T. WILCE & CO. 



Manufacturers of 







y> & ^ 

Planing txV> 4 \ 

Mill, * 1>/%A 
Yard and ** V 

Office, 



> 



22nd & Throop Streets, 
CHICAGO. 



